1、法律英语复习：中国的公证制度 Public notaries are persons accredited by the state to witness civil matters for legal purposes. In the past, public notaries were state offices representing the state in witnessing legal relations in civil matters. State notary offices, at the request of applicants, notarize legal ac
2、ts and the truthfulness and legality of legal documents and facts in order to protect public property and safeguard the lawful rights and interests of citizens. Since October 1, 2022, the Ministry of Justice has implemented a plan to reform the notary system. Under the new scheme, public notary offi
3、ces are no longer administrative bodies; rather, they are non-profit entities with a legal-person status that independently conduct notary business to meet market demand and assume full responsibility for their operations. In the future, the state will no longer approve the establishment of public n
4、otary offices as administrative bodies. Public notaries will be recruited openly through examinations administered by the Ministry of Justice. Setup of Public Notary Offices Public notary offices are set up in municipalities directly under the central government, counties （autonomous counties）, and
5、cities. Subject to approval from judicial authorities of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, districts of cities may also set up public notary offices. All the offices are independent of each other. Each office should have a director and a deputy director who should be notaries themsel
6、ves. Scope of Business Notarize civil legal acts such as contracts, trusts, wills, gifts, division of property, and adoption of children; Notarize facts that amount to civil legal acts such as birth, death, marriage, divorce, kinship, identity, degree, and experience; Notarize documents that amount
7、to civil legal acts such as authenticity of signatures and seals on certificates, consistency of copies of certificates, excerpts, translations and photocopies with the originals; Notarize the enforceability of creditor documents such as repayment agreements and contracts on recovery of debts; Auxil
8、iary business, such as preservation of evidence, maintenance of wills or other documents, drafting notary documents on behalf of clients, notarizing the opening of lottery draws, etc. Validity of Contracts Notarized documents are good for the following four purposes: Evidence. Article 67 of the Civi
9、l Procedure Law states, Legal acts, legal facts and documents that have been notarized through legal procedures should be regarded as a basis for establishing facts, except where opposing evidence is sufficient to overrule the notarized documents. Enforceability. At present, this is limited only to
10、the recovery of debts and goods. Liability documents notarized by public notaries are enforceable; if one party fails to comply, the other party can apply to the local grassroots court that has jurisdiction for enforcement. Legality. This means certain legal acts take effect and become legally bindi
11、ng only after they are notarized. These include adoption of children and marriage registration between Chinese citizens and foreigners. Extraterritoriality. Notarized documents are legally valid outside China. This is an extension of the inherent legal effect of notarized documents abroad. According
12、 to international practice, notarized documents sent by Chinese citizens and legal entities for use abroad can take legal effect and be accepted by the host country only after they are certified by the Chinese Foreign Ministry and Foreign Affairs Offices of the provinces, autonomous regions and muni
13、cipalities or foreign embassies or consulates in China. Procedures Public notary offices and persons applying for notarization should observe the following procedures: 1. Application and Acceptance of Applications Except for wills and adoption, which require the applicant to go to the public notary
14、office in person, citizens or legal persons can authorize an agent to handle the notarization procedures on their behalf. Applications should be filed with a public notary office that has jurisdiction and an application form should be filled out and be affixed with a signature or seal. Applications
15、should come with other supporting documentation such as ID, letter of authorization, documents to be notarized, property ownership certificates or other materials. The public notary office should make a preliminary decision whether to accept the application or not upon receipt of application documen
16、ts. 2. Review An important link in notarization, public notaries should carefully review the number of applicants, identity, qualifications, capability of civil acts, intentions of applicants and applicable rights. They should also verify whether the acts, facts or documents to be notarized are true and legal, whether the documents to be notarized are complete, whether
