1、法律英语虚拟语气的使用 May、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等词确实特别常见,但是在合同中这些词具有特别的意义,因而翻译起来要极其慎重,防止引起纠纷。 a. May:在表示合同上的权利(Right)、权限(Power)或特权(Privilege)的场合中使用。假设表示某种权利在法律上具有强迫性的时候,更多的是be entitled“。 b. Shall:在合同中并不是单纯的今后时,一般用它来表示法律上可以强迫执行的义务(Obligation)。如未履行,即视为违约,并构成某种赔偿责任。因而,shall在译文里,通常表示应该“或必须“,因而,也有不翻译的
2、时候。例如: 10) The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the Peoples Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any ar
3、bitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. (双方首先应通过友好协商,处理因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。假设协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款商定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协议的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院处理。) 上句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应领先行协商,因而采纳了义务性商定“(shall),假设协商处理不了,作为当事人的权利,那么用选择性商定“(may)。 11)The quality and prices
4、of the commodities to be exchanged between the ex-importers in the two countries shall be acceptable to both sides. (物资的质量和价格必须使进出口双方都能接受。) 12)The formation of this contract, its validity, interpretation, execution and settlement of the disputes shall be governed by related laws of the Peoples Repub
5、lic of China.(本合同的订立、效力、解释、履行和争议的处理均受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。shall没有译出。) c. Should:在合同中通常只用来表示语气较弱的假设,多翻译成万一“或假设“,极少译成应该“。 13)The board meeting shall be convened and presided over by the Chairman. Should the chairman be absent, the vice-Chairman shall, in principle, convene and preside over the board meeting.
6、(董事会会议应由董事长召集、主持;假设董事长缺席,原那么上应由副董事长召集、主持。) d. Will:一般使用在没有法律强迫的情况下,也用做表示承担义务的声明,但语气和强迫力比Shall弱。 e. May not(或shall not):用于禁止性义务,即不得做什么“。 shall 在合同等法律文件中,表示强迫性承担法律或合同义务,如表示应该“或必须“做某事时,应用shall“,而决不能用must“或should“。 在表示应该“或必须“ 时,有时也可以用will,但力度要比shall弱。 Should在法律文件中往往用作if, 只表示假设“之意。 The board meeting shal
7、l be called and presided over by the Chairman. Should the Chairman be absent, the vice-Chairmen shall, in principle, call and preside over the board meeting. 董事会应由董事长召集并主持,假设董事长缺席,原那么上应由副董事长召集主持。 notwithstanding notwithstanding: prep. In spit of 尽管;adv. Nevertheless 仍然。比although正式。 The Works shall b
8、e measured net, notwithstanding any general or local custom, except where otherwise provided for in the contract. 不管通常的和当地的习惯如何,工程计量应该计算净值,但合同另有规定的除外。 Notwithstanding the provisions of this Clause or any other Clause of the Contract, no payment certificates shall be issued by the Engineer until the performance security is submitted by the Contractor under the Contract and approved by the Employer. 尽管有本条款或任何其它合同条款的规定,在承包人提交履约保证并经业主批准之前,工程师不对任何支付款开具证书。