1、高三英语复习与训练二十一一情态动词21. 情态动词 21.1 情态动词的语法特征1 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2 情态动词除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。3 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。4 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。 21.2 比拟can 和be able to 1can/could 表示能力;可能 过去时用could, 只用于现在式和过去式could。be able to可以用于各种时态。例如: They will be able to tell you the
2、news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。2只用be able to的情况: a. 位于助动词后。 b. 情态动词后。 c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。 d. 用于句首表示条件。 e. 表示成功地做了某事时,用was/were able to,不能用could。例如:He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.他在战争爆发之前逃离欧洲。注意:could有时不表示时态1提出委婉的请求,注意在答复中不可用could。例如: - Co
3、uld I have the television on 我能看电视吗? - Yes, you can. / No, you cant. 可以/不可以。2在否认句、疑问句中表示推测或疑心。例如:He couldnt be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人。21.3 比拟may和might 1 表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首,表示祝愿。例如:May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你!He might be at home. 他可能在家。注意:might 表示推测时,不表示时态,只是可能性比may 小。2 成语:may/might as well,后面接不带t
4、o 的不定式,意为不妨。例如:If that is the case, we may as well try.如果情况确实如此,我们不妨试一试。典型例题 Peter _come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet. A. mustB. may C. can D. will 答案B. 表可能性只能用may。此句意可从后半句推出。 21.4 比拟have to和must 1两词都是必须的意思,have to 表示客观的需要,must 表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要。例如:My brother was very ill, so I had t
5、o call the doctor in the middle of the night.弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。客观上需要做这件事 He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。主观上要做这件事 2have to有人称、数、时态的变化,而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。例如:He had to look after his sister yesterday. 他昨晚只得照顾他姐姐。3 否认结构中:dont have to表示不必,mustnt表示禁止。例如: You dont have to
6、tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告诉他。 You mustnt tell him about it.你不得把这件事告诉他。 21.5 must表示推测 1 must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测,意为一定。2 must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时,must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。例如: You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天,一定累了。对现在情况的推测判断He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。 比拟:He mus
7、t be staying there. 他现在肯定在那里。He must stay there. 他必须呆在那。3 must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时,must 要接完成式。例如: I didnt hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我刚刚没有听到 ,我想必是睡着了。4 must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测,must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。例如:-Why didnt you answer my phone call 为何不接我的 ?-Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didnt hear it.唉
8、,肯定在睡觉,所以没有听见。5 否认推测用cant。例如: If Tom didnt leave here until five oclock, he cant be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿,他此时一定还未到家。 21.6 表示推测的用法 can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测,其用法如下:1情态动词+动词原形,表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词。例如: I dont know where she is, she may be in Wuhan. 我不知道她在哪儿,可能在武汉。2情态动词+动词现在进行时,表示对现在或将来正在进行
9、的情况进行推测。例如: At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. 这时,想必我们老师正在批改试卷。3情态动词+动词完成时,表示对过去情况的推测。例如: The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 地是湿的,昨天晚上一定下雨了。4情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时,表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。例如: Your mother must have been looking for you. 你妈妈一定一直在找你。5推测的否认形式,疑问形式用cant, couldn
10、t表示。例如:Mike cant have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning. 迈克一定还没有找回他的车,因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。 注意:could, might表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如can, may。 21.7 情态动词+ have +过去分词 1 maymight have + done sth, can could have + done sth表示过去,推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。例如:Philip may might have been hurt seriously in the c
11、ar accident. 菲力浦可能在车祸中受了重伤。Philip can could have been hurt seriously in the car accident.2 must have +done sth,对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测,语气较强,具有肯定,谅必的意思。例如: -Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. 琳达已经去上班了,但她的单车还在这儿。 -She must have gone by bus.肯定乘巴士去的。3 ought to have done sth, should have don
12、e sth表示本应该做某事,而事实上并没有做。否认句表示不该做某事而做了。例如:You ought to should have been more careful in this experiment. 你当时在做试验时应该更仔细点。He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.他不该把旧衣服扔了。事实上已扔了。ought to 在语气上比should 要强。4 neednt have done sth表示本没必要做某事,但做了。例如:I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I neednt have
13、 done so. The weather was hot. 旅行时,我衣服穿得较多,其实没有必要。那时天很热。5 would like to have done sth表示本打算做某事,但没做。例如:I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then. 我想读这篇文章,但太忙了一直没读。 17.8 should 和ought to 除了上述的用法,两者还可表示想必一定,按理应该的意思。例如:I ought to be able to live on my salary. 靠我的薪水,想必也能维持了。It ought
14、to be ready now. 想必现在准备好了吧。They should be there by now, I think. 现在他们该到那儿了。The poems should be out in a month at most. 诗集估计最多还有一个月就要出版了。21.9 had better表示最好,相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形。例如:It is pretty cold. Youd better put on my coat. 天相当冷。你最好穿上我的外套。Shed better not play with the dog. 她最好不要玩耍那条狗。had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果,意为本来最好。例如:You had better have come earlier. 你本该来得早一点。 21.10 would rather表示宁愿 would rather do would rather not do would rather than 宁愿而不愿。 还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示宁愿、宁可的意思。例如: If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at t