1、高三英语复习与训练十、十一独立主格、动词的时态10独立主格 10.1 独立主格独立主格结构的构成:名词代词+现在分词、过去分词;名词代词+形容词;名词代词+副词;名词代词+不定式;名词代词 +介词短语构成。独立主格结构的特点:1独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。 2名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。 3独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。例如:The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了,我们开始放
2、假。The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.天气允许,我们明天去看你。This done, we went home. 工作完成后,我们才回家。The meeting gone over, everyon
3、e tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里,耳朵冻得红通通的。He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆 10.2 with的复合结构作独立主格 表示伴随情况时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构:with +名词代词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如: He stood there, his hand rais
4、ed. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。典型例题The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back。A. being tied B. having tiedC. to be tiedD. tied答案D. with +名词代词+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词手与分词绑是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.注意: 1 独立主格结构使用介词的问题: 当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分如物主代词或冠词,也不
5、用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如:A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.hand前不能加his劫匪冲进房间,手里拿着刀。2 当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。例如:He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿,牙紧咬,双手握拳,两眼直勾勾看着上面。典型例题: Weather_, well go out for a walk. A permitted B permitti
6、ng C permits D for permitting 答案B. 此题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号,且we 小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构,其结构为:名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为天气允许,表主动,应用现在分词,应选B。 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits, well go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。 11. 动词的时态 11.1 一般现在时的用法1
7、 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every, sometimes,at, on Sunday。例如: I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。2 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如: The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。3 表示格言或警句。例如: Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时
8、,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如: I dont want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。比拟:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。
9、第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。11.2 一般过去时的用法 1在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如: Where did you go just now 刚刚你上哪儿去了?2表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如: When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。Whenever t
10、he Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢送。3句型:It is time for sb. to do sth 到时间了 该了。例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了 ,例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。 would had rather sb. did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事。例如:Id rathe
11、r you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。4 wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。比拟:Christine was an invalid all her life.含义:她已不在人间。 Christine has been an invalid all her life.含义:她现在还活着 Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. 含义
12、:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。 Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. 含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。1动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如: Did you want anything else 您还要些什么吗? I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。2情态动词 could, would。例如: Could you lend me your bike 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?11.3 used
13、to / be used to used to + do:过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如:Mother used not to be so forgetful.老妈过去没那么健忘。Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。be used to + doing: 对已感到习惯,或习惯于,to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如:He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。典型例题- Your phone number again I
14、 _ quite catch it.- Its 69568442. A. didntB. couldntC. dontD. cant答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。11.4 一般将来时 1shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如: Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢? Will you be at home at seven this evening 今晚七点回家好吗?2be going to +不定式,表示将来。 a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow 明天打算作什么呢? b. 方案,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。3be +不定式表将来,按方案