1、Designation:F3116/F3116M15Standard Specification forDesign Loads and Conditions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3116/F3116M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in pa
2、rentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This specification addresses the airworthiness require-ments for the design loads and conditions of small airplanes.1.2 This specification is applicab
3、le to small airplanes asdefined in the F44 terminology standard.Use of the termairplane is used throughout this specification and will mean“small airplane.”1.3 The applicant for a design approval must seek individualguidance from their respective CAA body concerning the useof this standard as part o
4、f a certification plan.For informationon which CAA regulatory bodies have accepted this standard(in whole or in part)as a means of compliance to their SmallAirplane Airworthiness Rules(hereinafter referred to as“theRules”),refer to ASTM F44 webpage(www.ASTM.org/COMMITTEE/F44.htm)which includes CAA w
5、ebsite links.1.4 UnitsCurrently there is a mix of SI and Imperial units.In many locations,SI units have been included otherwise unitsare as they appear in Amendment 62 of 14 CFR Part 23.In afuture revision values will be consistently stated in SI unitsfollowed by Imperial units in square brackets.Th
6、e valuesstated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore,each system shall be used independently of the other.Combin-ing values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated w
7、ith its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F3060 Terminology for Aircraft2.2 U.S.Code of Federal Regulations:3
8、14 CFR Part 23 Airworthiness Standards:Normal,Utility,Aerobatic and Commuter Category Airplanes(Amend-ment 62)2.3 European Aviation Safety Agency Regulations:Certification Specifications for Normal,Utility,Aerobatic,and Commuter Category Aeroplanes(CS-23,Amendment3)Certification Specifications for V
9、ery Light Aeroplanes(CS-VLA,Amendment 1)3.Terminology3.1 A listing of terms,abbreviations,acronyms,and sym-bols related to aircraft covered by ASTM Committees F37 andF44 airworthiness design standards can be found in Terminol-ogy F3060.Items listed below are more specific to thisstandard.3.2 Definit
10、ions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 chordwise,ndirected,moving,or placed along thechord of an airfoil section.3.2.2 downwash,nthe downward deflection of an air-stream by an aircraft wing.3.2.3 flight envelope,nany combination of airspeed andload factor on and within the boundaries of a fli
11、ght envelopethat represents the envelope of the flight loading conditionsspecified by the maneuvering and gust criteria.3.2.4 flight load factor,nrepresents the ratio of the aero-dynamic force component(acting normal to the assumedlongitudinal axis of the airplane)to the weight of the airplane.A pos
12、itive flight load factor is one in which the aerodynamicforce acts upward,with respect to the airplane.3.2.5 propeller slipstream,nthe airstream pushed back bya revolving aircraft propeller.3.2.6 spanwise,ndirected,moving,or placed along thespan of an airfoil.3.2.7 winglet,na nearly vertical airfoil
13、 at an airplaneswingtip.3.3 Acronyms:1This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F44 on GeneralAviation Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F44.30 onStructures.Current edition approved May 1,2015.Published July 2015.DOI:10.1520/F3116_F3116M-15.2For referenced
14、 ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S.Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N.
15、Capitol St.,NW,Mail Stop:SDE,Washington,DC 20401,http:/www.access.gpo.gov.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 3.3.1 MCPmaximum continuous power3.4 Symbols:CNA=maximum airplane normal force coefficientMC=design cruising speed(M
16、ach number)VE=design dive speed at zero or negative load factorVSF=stalling speed with flaps fully extended4.Flight Loads4.1 Loads:4.1.1 Unless otherwise provided,prescribed loads are limitloads.4.1.2 Unless otherwise provided,the air,ground,and waterloads must be placed in equilibrium with inertia forces,considering each item of mass in the airplane.These loads mustbe distributed to conservatively approximate or closely repre-sent actual conditions.Methods used to determine load inten-sities an
