1、海军军医大学学报2023 年 4 月第 44 卷第 4 期http:/Academic Journal of Naval Medical University,Apr.2023,Vol.44,No.4 493 技术方法 收稿日期 2022-07-12 接受日期 2022-11-14基金项目 海军军医大学(第二军医大学)启航人才培养计划(2021)Supported by Sailing Plan of Naval Medical University(Second Military Medical University)(2021).作者简介 叶 宸,博士,讲师、主治医师 E-mail:*通信
2、作者(Corresponding author).Tel:021-81887805,E-mail:基于虚拟现实技术的机器人辅助腹腔镜肾盂成形术分段式培训体系的 建立和应用叶 宸1,杨懿人1,徐梦璐2,施晓磊1,薛 庆1,庞庆阳1,柳文强1,肖成武1,张 威1,3*1.海军军医大学(第二军医大学)第一附属医院泌尿外科,上海 2004332.直观复星医疗器械技术(上海)有限公司,上海 2012003.海军军医大学(第二军医大学)第一附属医院外科学与野战外科学教研室,上海 200433摘要 目的 建立一种基于虚拟现实技术的分段式培训体系,并应用于机器人辅助腹腔镜肾盂成形术(RALP)的手术培训。方法
3、 采用虚拟现实技术,通过机器人模拟培训系统对 3 名泌尿外科医师进行基础操作培训和缝合相关技能培训,对比培训前后受训医师术中吻合时间等关键指标的变化。将RALP分为游离、裁剪、吻合、缝合4个分段,受训医师通过机器人系统参与真实手术操作,先以分段为单位完成学习曲线,再独立完成完整的 RALP。结果 经虚 拟现实培训后,受训医师术中的吻合时间 (141.09.0)s vs(312.634.5)s和运动距离 (140.916.2)cm vs(323.150.6)cm显著缩短(P均0.01),机械臂碰撞次数 (1.60.6)次 vs(7.11.0)次和器械离开视野次数 (0.80.5)次 vs(3.2
4、0.9)次显著减少(P均0.05),脱离目标次数在训练前后差异无统计学意义(P 0.05)。经每人 2 轮的分段式真实手术训练后,受训医师独立完成RALP,其手术时间较具备成熟RALP手术经验医师同期的手术时间略长 (149.036.0)min vs(117.010.0)min,但差异无统计学意义(P0.060);术中出血量、漏尿发生率和术后住院时间等围手术期指标差异也均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论 基于虚拟现实技术的分段式培训体系可成功应用于RALP的手术培训,其可在保证手术安全性和质量的前提下提高受训医师的操作水平,使其具备独立完成RALP的能力。关键词 机器人手术;腹腔镜肾盂成形术
5、;虚拟现实;分段式培训体系中图分类号 R 699.2文献标志码 A文章编号 2097-1338(2023)04-0493-06Establishment and application of a segmented training system for robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty based on virtual reality technologyYE Chen1,YANG Yi-ren1,XU Meng-lu2,SHI Xiao-lei1,XUE Qing1,PANG Qing-yang1,LIU Wen-qiang1,XIAO Che
6、ng-wu1,ZHANG Wei1,3*1.Department of Urology,The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University(Second Military Medical University),Shanghai 200433,China2.Intuitive Surgical-Fosun Medical Technology(Shanghai)Co.,Ltd.,Shanghai 201200,China3.Department of Surgery and Field Surgery,The First Affi
7、liated Hospital of Naval Medical University(Second Military Medical University),Shanghai 200433,China Abstract Objective To establish a virtual reality technology-based segmented training system and apply it to the surgical training of robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty(RALP).Methods Virtual re
8、ality technology was used to conduct basic operation training and intensive training of suture-related skills for 3 urologists through a robotic simulation training system,and the changes in key indicators such as anastomosis time of the trained urologists were compared before and after the training
9、.The RALP was divided into 4 segments:separating,cutting,anastomosis,and suturing.The trained surgeons participated in real surgical operations through the robotic system,first completing the learning curve in segments and then completing the whole RALP independently.Results After virtual reality tr
10、aining,the anastomotic time(141.09.0 s vs 312.634.5 s)and motion distance(140.916.2 cm vs 323.150.6 cm)were significantly shortened(both P0.01),and the times of both instrument collisions(1.60.6 vs 7.11.0)and instrument out of sight(0.80.5 vs 3.20.9)were DOI:10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20220577海军军医大学学报 2
11、023 年 4 月,第 44 卷 494 肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(ureteropelvic junction obstruction,UPJO)是导致上尿路梗阻、积水的常见原因之一,多为先天性发育异常所致。手术重建是解除梗阻的核心治疗手段。开放肾盂成形术最早由 Anderson 和 Hynes 于 1949 年开展,该经典术式目前仍是 UPJO 治疗的金标准1。Schuessler等2于 1993 年率先开展了腹腔镜肾盂成形术(laparoscopic pyeloplasty,LP),随着腹腔镜技术的成熟完善,手术成功率可达 95%以上3。相比开放手术,腹腔镜手术具有创伤小、出血少、术后恢复快
12、等优点,逐渐成为 UPJO 外科治疗的主要手术方式3-4。LP中最关键的步骤是离断后的肾盂输尿管重建,需要大量的缝合、打结操作以准确、安全地闭合集合系统,因而要求术者有较高的缝合精准度和稳定性。肾盂成形术操作空间狭小,技术难度大5。Binder 等6和 Gettman 等7于 2002 年 首 次报道了达芬奇(da Vinci)机器人辅助腹腔镜肾 盂成形术(robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty,RALP)。与传统腹腔镜相比,达芬奇手术机器人系统具有仿真手腕、超高清 3D 视野、颤动过滤等优势技术,使术者的分离、缝合、打结等复杂操作更加灵活、稳定,克服了
13、腹腔镜操作的难点,在进行精准解剖游离与体内缝合时具有明显优势8-10,因此 RALP 已成为 UPJO 手术治疗的新方向。但机器人手术系统的术者视野、机械臂操控模式等与传统腹腔镜差别较大,且缺乏触觉反馈,尤其是在外科缝合及组织的精细处理方面,通过简单的短期模拟操作和动物实验,受训医师无法较好地掌握操作技术11。如何系统、规范、高效地培训初学医师掌握该手术的关键技术,显得格外重要。为此,我们拟建立一种基于虚拟现实技术的分段式培训体系,在保证手术安全性和质量的前提下提升受训医师的机器人系统操作技能,缩短RALP的学习曲线。significantly reduced(both P0.05).Howe
14、ver,the times of missed target did not change significantly before and after training (P0.05).After 2 rounds of segmented training per person,trainees were able to conduct RALP independently.Their operation time was longer than that of senior surgeons(149.036.0 min vs 117.010.0 min),but the differen
15、ce was not statistically significant(P0.05).In addition,there were no significant differences in perioperative indicators such as intraoperative blood loss,incidence of urine leakage,or postoperative hospital stay(all P0.05).Conclusion The virtual reality technology-based segmented training system c
16、an be successfully applied to the surgical training of RALP,and it can improve the operational skills of trainees on the premise of ensuring the safety and quality of the operation.Key words robotic surgical procedures;laparoscopic pyeloplasty;virtual reality;segmented training systemAcad J Naval Med Univ,2023,44(4):493-4981 对象和方法1.1 受训对象 选择 3 名同年资且具有LP 手术经验的泌尿外科医师,均在近期取得达芬奇机器人系统手术操作证书,但无 RALP 操作经验。本研究获得我院伦理委员会审批。1.2 虚拟现实培训 虚拟现实培训分 3 个阶段:第一阶段为基础操作训练,利用机器人模拟培训系统 SimNow的虚拟现实培训技术完成镜头操控、机械臂操控、腕部操作、能