1、职业与健康2023 年 4 月第 39 卷第 7 期Occup and Health,Apr.2023,Vol.39,No.7作者简介:张佳月,女,在读硕士研究生,研究方向为发展与教育心理学。通信作者:郭菲,助理研究员,E-mail:高职护生童年创伤经历对内化问题的影响及述情障碍与欺凌受害的链式中介作用张佳月1,2,3,郭菲1,2,陈祉妍1,2,昝洁冰31.中国科学院心理研究所,北京 100101;2.中国科学院大学心理学系,北京 100049;3.北京卫生职业学院护理系,北京101149摘要:目的了解高级职业(高职)院校护生童年创伤经历、述情障碍、欺凌受害对其内化问题的影响及作用机制。方法2
2、021年 56 月,以北京市某职业学院护理系 1 455 名女生为调查对象,通过网络平台进行问卷调查,采用特拉华欺负受害量表(学生卷)(delaware bullying victimization scale-student,DBVS-S)、童年期创伤量表(childhood trauma questionnaires-shortform,CTQ-SF)、多伦多述情障碍量表(20-item toronto alexithymia scale,TAS-20)、流调中心抑郁量表(center for epidemiologicstudies depression scale,CES-D)简版、广
3、泛性焦虑量表(generalized anxiety disorder scale-7,GAD-7)考察述情障碍、欺凌受害在护生童年创伤经历与其内化问题间的中介作用。结果北京某高职院校 1 455 名护生童年创伤得分为(20.406.87)分,述情障碍得分为(28.279.83)分,欺凌受害得分为(18.405.44)分,内化问题抑郁和焦虑指标得分为(5.155.53)和(2.904.15)分。抑郁倾向检出率为 15.26%,抑郁高风险检出率为 5.15%;轻、中、重度焦虑水平的检出率分别为 20.62%、3.78%、2.75%。童年创伤 3 个维度、述情障碍 2 个维度、欺凌受害 4 个维度
4、与内化问题的 2 个指标呈两两正相关(r=0.0440.821,均P0.05)。童年期创伤对高职护生内化问题不仅存在直接效应,还可通过 3 条间接路径间接产生影响,分别是述情障碍、欺凌受害各自的中介作用,以及述情障碍和欺凌受害形成的链式中介作用。总的中介效应为 0.276,95%CI 为 0.2380.315。结论童年创伤经历是预测护生内化问题的重要因素,述情障碍和欺凌受害在其中存在多重中介效应。关键词:护生;童年创伤;述情障碍;欺凌受害;内化问题中国图书资料分类号:B181.3文献标识码:A文章编号:1004-1257(2023)07-0950-06Impact of childhood t
5、rauma on internalizing problems among higher vocational nursing students andchain mediation effect of alexithymia and bullying victimizationZHANG Jia-yue1,2,3,GUO Fei1,2,CHEN Zhi-yan1,2,ZAN Jie-bing31.Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,100101,China;2.Department of Psychology
6、,University ofChinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,100049,China;3.Department of Nursing,Beijing Health Vocational College,Beijing,101149,ChinaCorresponding author:GUO Fei,Research associate,E-mail:Abstract:Objective To explore the effects of childhood trauma,alexithymia and bullying victimization on
7、internalizing problemsamong higher vocational nursing students and the underlying mechanism.Methods From May to June in 2021,an onlinequestionnaire survey was conducted on 1 455 female students from the nursing department of a vocational college in Beijing,usingscales including Delaware bullying vic
8、timization scale-student(DBVS-S),childhood trauma questionnaires-short form(CTQ-SF),20-item toronto alexithymia scale(TAS-20),center for epidemiologic studies depression scale(CES-D)and generalized anxietydisorder scale-7(GAD-7),to analyze the mediating roles of alexithymia and bullying victimizatio
9、n that played in the relationshipbetween childhood traumatic experience and internalization problems.Results The scores of childhood trauma among 1 455nursing students in higher vocational college in Beijing was(20.406.87)points,the score of alexithymia was(28.279.83)points,the score of bullying vic
10、timization was(18.405.44)points,and the score of internalization problems of depression and anxiety was(5.155.53)and(2.904.15)points respectively.The detection rate of depression tendency was 15.26%,and the detection rate ofhigh risk of depression was 5.15%.The detection rates of mild,moderate and s
11、evere anxiety were 20.62%,3.78%and 2.75%,respectively.Three dimensions of childhood trauma,two dimensions of alexithymia and four dimensions of bullying victim werepositively correlated with the two indicators of internalization problems(r=0.044-0.821,all P0.05).The childhood trauma experience 论著 95
12、0DOI:10.13329/ki.zyyjk.2023.0153职业与健康2023 年 4 月第 39 卷第 7 期Occup and Health,Apr.2023,Vol.39,No.7not only had the direct effect on the internalization problems of nursing students in higher vocational colleges,but also exerted theindirect effect through three paths,inducing the mediating roles that al
13、exithymia and bullying victimization played,respectively,and the chain mediating effects that was formed by alexithymia and bullying victimization.The total mediating effect was0.276,95%CI was 0.238-0.315.Conclusion The childhood trauma experience is one of important predictors for internalizationpr
14、oblems in nursing students,and alexithymia and bullying victims exert the multiple mediating effects in the relationship betweenchildhood trauma experience and internalization problems.Keywords:Nursing students;Childhood trauma;Alexithymia;Bullying victimization;Internalizing problems随着社会经济的发展,我国对护理
15、人员的需求不断增加,高级职业学校(高职)护理专业学生(以下简称护生)是我国护理岗位的重要后备军1,这一群体,面临着特殊职业教育的课业和技能培训以及激烈的实习就业竞争,他们有更高水平的抑郁和焦虑问题2。内化问题是指向个体心理内部的情绪情感和心理问题3,最常见的是抑郁和焦虑。内化问题对青少年的自信、学业成绩以及社交互动等有负面影响,甚至与自伤、自杀等严重危害健康和安全的行为密切关系4。青春期的抑郁、焦虑如不能及时发现并进行有效干预,可能会产生长期后果,增加成年后心理疾病的发生风险5。因此,了解护生群体内化问题的状况及其影响因素对于促进他们的心理健康,顺利完成学业,更胜任今后的护理工作有实践价值。童
16、年是个体身心发展的关键时期,根据 Beck的情绪障碍认知模型,易感性与童年经历密切相关,童年的创伤经历会使个体形成消极信念,增加个体应对压力的脆弱性,导致个体适应不良或情绪行为问题。童年创伤是指儿童在成长过程中经历的负性和创伤性生活事件,包括各种形式的虐待与忽视。创伤经历不仅会在当时对个体造成伤害,还会给其之后的社会心理发展带来长期的负面影响6-7。研究发现,有童年创伤经历的青少年患抑郁的风险是没有童年创伤经历者的 3.79倍8,早期创伤经历对个体抑郁有预示意义。述情障碍被普遍认为是一种独立于抑郁的人格特质9,具有该特质的个体难以感知和描述自己或他人的情绪,难以区分情绪与躯体感觉,缺乏想象力,相较于内部感受,个体更加关注外部事物的细枝末节10。研究表明,述情障碍与儿童早期经历的不良事件和受到的挫折有关11-12,有创伤经历的青少年中有更高水平的述情障碍13。研究表明,高水平的述情障碍与内化问题有密切关联14,可预测个体的抑郁、焦虑水平15-16。欺凌是有意的对受害者进行重复的身体、言语、关系等攻击。大量研究显示,欺凌受害是青少年当前成长和长期发展的重要风险因素17,遭受欺凌的受害者更可