1、DOI:10.12131/20220205文章编号:2095 0780(2023)03 0029 13凡纳滨对虾小型温棚养殖模式水体微生物群落的研究方 圆1,2,黎 慧1,王李宝1,万夕和1,史文军1,杨泽禹1,姜 琦1,沈 辉1,胡润豪1,管小平3,杨家新21.江苏省海洋水产研究所,江苏 南通 2260072.南京师范大学 海洋科学与工程学院,江苏 南京 2100233.伊犁悦然生态农业有限公司,新疆 伊犁 835399摘要:小型温棚养殖模式(下称小棚模式)是近年来凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖的热点模式。为阐明小棚模式养殖水体微生物群落的特点,探究该模式高产、高
2、效的原因,基于16S rRNA基因的测序结果,对第2、第44、第69和第96天小棚模式养殖水体的微生物群落组成和功能进行了分析。结果表明:凡纳滨对虾小棚养殖后期,水体微生物群落的丰富度和多样性显著高于前期;在整个养殖过程中,门水平主要优势菌为变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门,其中变形菌门丰度在第69天显著增加,放线菌门丰度前期较高,后期下降;属水平优势菌属中Candidatus_Aquiluna的丰度在第2天最高(28.7%);海命菌属(Marivita)在中期富集,在第69天丰度最高(9.94%);黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)的丰度随着养殖时间逐渐增加,在第96天达到最高(11.63
3、%)。通过PICRUS t2 预测微生物群落的功能,丰度前20的代谢功能项在第69和第96天的丰度显著高于第2天,尤其萜类和聚酮类代谢、脂类代谢、异种生物降解和代谢等功能均高度富集,通过FAPROTAX鉴定得出,化能异养类菌的丰度在养殖后期显著增加。环境因子关联分析发现,总氮(TN)和化学需氧量(COD)对小棚模式水体微生物群落结构的影响最大,海命菌属、Candidatus_Aquiluna、红小梨形菌属(Rhodo-pirellula)等微生物发挥了固碳、降氮、降磷的作用。综上所述,在高密度、高氮磷的环境条件下,小棚模式的水体微生物在保持水环境稳定和增强对虾免疫与抗病能力方面发挥了重要作用。
4、关键词:小型温棚模式;凡纳滨对虾;养殖水体;微生物群落;高通量测序中图分类号:S 917.1文献标志码:A 开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID):Study on bacterial community structure in rearing water in small green-house of Litopenaeus vannameiFANG Yuan1,2,LI Hui1,WANG Libao1,WAN Xihe1,SHI Wenjun1,YANG Zeyu1,JIANG Qi1,SHEN Hui1,HU Runhao1,GUAN Xiaoping3,YANG Jiaxin21.
5、Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute,Nantong 226007,China2.College of Marine Science and Engineering,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing 210023,China3.Yili Yueran Ecological Agriculture Co.Ltd.,Yili 835399,ChinaAbstract:In recent years,small greenhouse has been a hot model of Litopenaeus vannam
6、ei culture.In order to elucidate the第 19 卷第 3 期南 方 水 产 科 学Vol.19,No.32023 年 6 月South China Fisheries ScienceJun.,2023收稿日期:2022-07-25;修回日期:2022-12-14基金项目:江苏现代农业(特色水产)产业技术体系(JATS2022419);2021 年度省政策引导类计划(苏北科技专项-富民强县)(SZ-YC202114);江苏省农业科技自主创新资金项目(CX(21)3160);新疆维吾尔自治区乡村振兴产业发展科技行动项目(2022NC019);2022 年江苏沿海开
7、发集团有限公司科研项目(2022YHNFZZ01)作者简介:方圆(1996),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为水产健康养殖及微生物。E-mail:通信作者:黎慧(1985),女,副研究员,硕士,研究方向为水产健康养殖及病害防控。E-mail:万夕和(1971),男,研究员,博士,研究方向为水产健康养殖及病害防控。E-mail:structure and changes of the microbial community in the rearing water of L.vannamei culture in small greenhouse and explorethe reasons for
8、high yield and high efficiency of this model,we analyzed the composition and function of the microbial com-munity on 2nd,44th,69th and 96th day of water in the small greenhouse based on 16S rRNA sequencing results.The re-sults show that the richness and diversity of water microbial community at late
9、 stage of small greenhouse were significantly high-er than those at early stage.During the whole culture process,the dominant bacteria at the phylum level were Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria,among which the abundance of Proteobacteria increased significantly on 69th day,and theabund
10、ance of Actinobacteria increased at early stage but decreased at later stage.At genus level,the abundance ofCandidatus_Aquiluna was the highest on 2nd day(28.7%).Marivita was enriched at middle stage,with the highest abundance on69th day(9.94%).The abundance of Flavobacterium gradually increased wit
11、h the culture time,reaching the highest on 96th day(11.63%).PICRUSt2 predicts the function of the microbial communities,and the abundances of metabolic function in the top20 were significantly higher on 69th and 96th day than on 2nd day.In particular,the functions of terpenoids and polyketides meta-
12、bolism,lipid metabolism,xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism were highly enriched.Through FAPROTAX identifying,the abundance of chemoheterotrophy increased significantly at the late stage.The correlation analysis of environmental factorsshows that total nitrogen(TN)and chemical oxygen demand(CO
13、D)had the greatest impacts on the microbial communitystructure in greenhouse model.Microorganisms such as Marivita,Candidatus_Aquiluna and Rhodopirellula played the roles insequestration of carbon and reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus.In conclusion,under the high density and high nitrogen andphos
14、phorus culture conditions,the water microbial community in the small greenhouse played an important role in maintain-ing the stability of water environment and enhancing the immunity and disease resistance of prawns.Keywords:Small greenhouse;Litopenaeus vannamei;Rearing water;Bacterial community str
15、ucture;Illumina high through-put sequencing凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)隶属对虾科、滨对虾属,又称南美白对虾,是国内集约化高产养殖的优良品种1,具有生长快、抗病力强、盐度适应广等优点2。随着凡纳滨对虾养殖业的蓬勃发展,出现了池塘养殖、温棚养殖、高位池养殖、工厂化养殖等多种养殖模式3。凡纳滨对虾小型温棚养殖模式(下文简称小棚模式),是温棚养殖的一种,具有占地小、养殖风险低、投资回报率高的特点,每年可养 23 茬,能反季节养殖与保温延后上市;单棚产量达 9001 250 kg,平均每棚每茬的效益可达万元4。该模式不使用抗生素或消毒
16、剂等,多使用以微生态制剂为主的水质改良剂5-6。因此,小棚模式成为近年来全国凡纳滨对虾养殖的热点模式。水产养殖环境中存在较高的细菌丰度。研究发现,凡纳滨对虾养殖水体中可培养细菌为 7.101048.40104 CFUmL17,这些细菌在有机物的转化和代谢方面发挥着重要作用8,如硫酸盐还原菌(Sulfate-reducing bacteria,SRB)等能加速残饵和粪便的分解9,黄杆菌(Flavobacteriaceae)等能将非离子氨、亚硝态氮、硫化氢等有毒物质转化为低毒性或无毒性的物质10,假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)等病原菌会导致养殖动物发病11。随着高通量测序技术的发展,扩增子测序已被广泛用于对虾养殖的微生物群落相关研究12,变形菌门、蓝藻门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门为水产养殖环境中的常见菌门13。由于凡纳滨对虾养殖水体、沉积物和虾肠道中的细菌群落结构存在显著差异14,微生物在环境中的作用是群落功能的一个潜在指标15,因此研究水产养殖环境微生物群落的多样性、物种组成及其功能,对提高养殖效率、减少病害发生、控制环境污染等有重要意义。目前有关小棚模式的报道主要集中在水质和养殖管理技术