1、充血性心力衰竭(xn l shui ji),(congestive heart failure),第一页,共三十一页。,概念(ginin),是指在各种原因所致的心脏疾病后期,在静脉回流量(liling)正常的前提下,由于心肌收缩力下降使心排出量不能满足机体代谢的需要,导致组织器官灌流不足,同时出现肺循环和(或)体循环静脉淤血。,第二页,共三十一页。,小儿(xio r)心衰特点,1.病因新生儿、婴幼儿先心病 学龄前、学龄期风心病、病毒性心肌炎少儿(sho r)期肺炎,第三页,共三十一页。,小儿(xio r)心衰特点,2.病理生理特点心脏代偿功能较差 收缩性差、心脏储备力差交感神经占优势心率(xn
2、 l)代偿潜力小 左右心衰之间差别不明显,第四页,共三十一页。,年长(nin chn)儿的临床表现,第五页,共三十一页。,心衰的症状(zhngzhung),FACES.FatigueActivities limitedChest congestionEdema or ankle swellingShortness of breath,第六页,共三十一页。,一、肺循环充血(chngxu),呼吸困难劳力性呼吸困难夜间(y jin)阵发呼吸困难端坐呼吸肺水肿,第七页,共三十一页。,劳力(lol)性呼吸困难,体 力 活 动,缺氧(qu yn)、二氧化碳储留,刺激呼吸(hx)中枢,心率加快,左心室充盈减
3、少,回心血量增加,肺淤血加重,肺顺应性降低,通气作功增加,气急,呼 吸 困 难,第八页,共三十一页。,夜间(y jin)阵发性呼吸困难,患 者 入 睡,膈上移胸腔容积(rngj)减少,回心血量增加,肺淤血(yxu)加重,迷走神经相对兴奋,呼吸道阻力增加,中枢神经系统相对抑制,PaO2下降,第九页,共三十一页。,端坐(dun zu)呼吸,端 坐 位,减少(jinsho)回心血量,膈下移,胸腔容积(rngj)增大,,减少水肿液的吸收,减轻肺淤 血,肺活量增 加,第十页,共三十一页。,肺水肿,急性左心(zu xn)衰竭最严重的表现肺毛细血管压升高毛细血管通透性加大,第十一页,共三十一页。,二、体循环
4、淤血(yxu),静脉淤血和静脉压升高右心房压升高,静脉回流受阻水钠潴留、血容量扩大水肿肝肿大压痛和肝功能异常右心衰竭早期表现(bioxin)肝静脉压升高,肝小叶淤血,肝窦扩张、出血、水肿长期变性、坏死,肝纤维化,第十二页,共三十一页。,三、心排出(pi ch)量不足,皮肤苍白或发绀心排出量不足,交感神经兴奋肺循环淤血、血循环时间(shjin)延长疲乏无力、失眠、嗜睡尿量减少心源性休克,第十三页,共三十一页。,婴幼儿的临床表现,喂养(wiyng)困难、烦躁多汗、哭声低弱颈静脉怒张、水肿和肺部湿啰音不明显,第十四页,共三十一页。,儿童(r tng)心功能分级,I级:活动不受限制,日常活动不引起临床
5、症状。II级:一般活动可引起乏力、呼吸困难和心悸等症状,活动轻度(qn d)受限。III级:轻度活动即引起上述症状,活动明显受限。IV级:不能从事任何活动,即使安静休息时也有症状,活动完全受限。,第十五页,共三十一页。,婴儿(yng r)心功能分级,0级:无心衰的表现I级:轻度(qn d)心衰II级:中度心衰III级:重度心衰,第十六页,共三十一页。,婴儿(yng r)I级心衰特点,每次哺乳量150次/分,可有奔马律肝脏肋下2cm,第十七页,共三十一页。,婴儿(yng r)II级心衰特点,每次哺乳量60次/分,呼吸形式异常心率160次/分,有奔马律肝大肋下23cm,第十八页,共三十一页。,婴儿
6、(yng r)III级心衰特点,每次哺乳量60次/分,呼吸形式(xngsh)异常心率170次/分,有奔马律肝大肋下3cm以上,第十九页,共三十一页。,临床(ln chun)诊断指征,安静时心率增快,婴儿180次/分,幼儿160次/分,不能用发热或缺氧解释者;呼吸(hx)困难,青紫突然加重,安静时呼吸(hx)60次/分;肝在短时间内较前肿大,而不能以横膈下移等原因解释者,或肝脏肿大超过肋缘下3cm以上;心音明显低钝或出现奔马律;,第二十页,共三十一页。,临床(ln chun)诊断指征,突然烦躁不安,面色苍白或发灰,而不能用原有疾病解释者尿少和下肢浮肿,除外其他原因造成者。以上前4项为主要临床诊断
7、依据,也可根据其他表现(bioxin)和12项辅助检查综合分析。,第二十一页,共三十一页。,治疗(zhlio)要点,(一)防治基本病因、消除诱因(二)改善心脏(xnzng)舒缩功能增强心肌收缩功能改善心肌舒张功能(三)减轻心脏前、后负荷(四)控制水肿,第二十二页,共三十一页。,护理(hl)措施,休息原则:I度:可起床活动,增加休息时间;II度:限制活动,延长卧床时间;III度:绝对卧床休息,病情好转后逐渐(zhjin)起床活动,以不出现症状为限。,第二十三页,共三十一页。,护理(hl)措施,保持(boch)大便通畅:多吃水果蔬菜,避免用力排便合理营养:低盐或无盐饮食,少量多餐。婴儿喂奶避免吸吮
8、费力,输液控制量(75ml/kg/d)和速度(5ml/kg)给氧密切观察病情,第二十四页,共三十一页。,护理措施(cush)用药护理,洋地黄制剂用药前测脉搏:婴儿脉率90次/分,年长(nin chn)儿70次/分时需暂停;严格遵医嘱给药防止毒性反应并处理利尿剂:多进食含钾丰富的食物防治低血钾血管扩张剂:硝普钠避光,现用现配,第二十五页,共三十一页。,The End,第二十六页,共三十一页。,Clinical example-1,A 60-year-old man sustained an extensive acute myocardial infarction 4 years before
9、his recent admission.Since that time,he has become progressively more breathless on exertion.During the past 6 months,he developed swelling of his abdomen and feet despite vigorous diuretic and digoxin therapy.Examination revealed an emaciated man who was breathless even at rest.Cardiac rhythm was r
10、egular and blood pressure was 90/60 mm Hg.Jugular venous pressure was elevated and there was ankle edema,hepatomegaly,and ascites.,第二十七页,共三十一页。,Clinical example-1,Heart sounds were faint but a loud third sound was audible.Chest x-ray revealed marked cardiac enlargement,bilateral pleural effusions,an
11、d pulmonary venous congestion.Cardiac catheterization revealed severe inoperable three-vessel coronary artery disease,poor left ventricular function with marked elevation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure,and low cardiac output.,第二十八页,共三十一页。,Clinical example-2,A 35-year-old man presented wi
12、th a complaint of increasing shortness of breath.This initially occurred with exertion,but now occurred at rest as well.He had no previous cardiac symptoms.His father suffers from chest pain and heart failure.Examination revealed a normal upstroke and bifid systolic impulse on palpation of the carot
13、id artery.Presystolic and forceful sustained systolic apical impulses were palpable.,第二十九页,共三十一页。,Clinical example-2,The first and second sounds were normal.A loud fourth sound was heard.A systolic ejection murmur that increased with valsalva was heard along the left sternal border.Echocardiogram re
14、vealed a markedly hypertrophied left ventricle with disporportionate thickening of the septum and a small left ventricular cavity.,第三十页,共三十一页。,内容(nirng)总结,充血性心力衰竭。(congestive heart failure)。Shortness of breath。肺活量增 加。呼吸(hx)60次/分,呼吸(hx)形式异常。每次哺乳量75ml,或哺乳时间需40分钟以上。血管扩张剂:硝普钠避光,现用现配。The End。Clinical example-2,第三十一页,共三十一页。,