1、Mouth,Pharynx,Esophagus,Stomach,Duodenum,Jejunum,Ileum,Large intestine,Liver,Pancreas,Major salivary glands,Alimentary System,Anus,第一页，共四十五页。,Pharynx,General featuresA fibromuscular tube,part of digestive and respiratory systemsExtends from base of skull to the inferior border of cricoid cartilage(l
2、ower border of C6 level)Three segmentsNasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx,第二页，共四十五页。,Pharynx,Nasopharynx Position Posterior to nasal cavitiesExtends from the base of skull to the level of free border of palatine velumFeaturesPharyngeal opening of auditory tube Tubal torus Pharyngeal recess Tubal t
3、onsilPharyngeal tonsil,第三页，共四十五页。,Pharynx,Oropharynx Position Posterior to oral cavityExtends from free border of palatine velum to the level of upper border of epiglottisFeaturesMedian glossoepiglottic fold Epiglottic vallecula Palatine tonsil Lies within tonsillar fossa,第四页，共四十五页。,Tonsillitis,Tons
4、il inflammation,第五页，共四十五页。,Pharynx,Laryngopharynx Position Posterior to larynxExtends from upper border of epiglottis to the level of lower border of C6Piriform recess A deep depression on each side of aperture of larynxcommon side for lodgement of foreign bodies(for example,fish bones),第六页，共四十五页。,P
5、harynx,Lymphatic ring of pharynx Forming a circular band of lymphoid tissue at oropharyngeal isthmuConsists of Pharyngeal tonsiltubal tonsilPalatine tonsillingual tonsil,第七页，共四十五页。,Esophagus,General features A muscular tuber about 25cm longConnecting the pharynx at level of inferior border of verteb
6、ra C6Passes through the diaphragm at level of vertebra T10Ends at the cardia of the stomach,opposite vertebra T11Division Cervical part:5cmThoracic part:18-22cmAbdominal part:1-2cm,第八页，共四十五页。,Esophagus,Three constrictions 1.Where it beginning,15cm from incisors,lies at level of inferior border of C6
7、,is the narrowest part of the esophagus 2.Where it is crossed by left principal bronchus,25cm from incisors,lies at level of intervertebral disc between T4 and T5.3.Where it pierces the esophageal hiatus of diaphragm,40cm from incisors,at level of T10,第九页，共四十五页。,Stomach,ShapeTwo surface:anterior and
8、 posteriorTwo curvaturesLesser curvature of stomach short,concave and directed to the right and upwardnear its lower part is angular incisure Greater curvature of stomach long,convex and directed to the left and downwardat the junction of left margin of esophagus and greater curvature is cardiac inc
9、isure Two openingsCardia Pylorus Two incisure,第十页，共四十五页。,Stomach,Four partsCardiac part Fundus of stomach cardiac incisure Body of stomach angular incisure Pyloric part Pyloric antrum Pyloric canal,第十一页，共四十五页。,Stomach,Cardiac part,Fundus of stomach,Body of stomach,Pyloric antrum,Pyloric canal,第十二页，共
10、四十五页。,Location Mainly parts is situated in the left hypochondriac regionSmall in the epigastric regionThe cardia is situated to the left of T11,the pylorus lies to the right of L1.,Stomach,第十三页，共四十五页。,Structure of stomach wall consists of four usual layersMucous membraneSubmucous(loose areolar tissu
11、e connecting the mucous and muscular layer)Muscular layer contains:Innermost oblique fibresInner circular fibresSphincter of pylorusPyloric valve The most superficial longitudinal fibers Serous(visceral peritoneum),Stomach,第十四页，共四十五页。,Variations in position of stomach,第十五页，共四十五页。,Duodenum,first and
12、widest part of small intestineextends from pylorus to duodenojejunal flexureapproximately 25cm long and 4-5 cm in diameterC-shaped and moulded around head of pancreasretroperitoneal,except for a small segment(1-3 cm)at the beginningcommon bile duct and pancreatic ductsopen into the second part,Gener
13、al features,第十六页，共四十五页。,Duodenum,Four parts 1.Superior part Duodenal bulb Superior duodenal flexure2.Descending partInferior duodenal flexure 3.Horizontal part4.Ascending partDuodenojejunal flexure,第十七页，共四十五页。,Descending partLongitudinal fold of duodenum Major duodenal papilla common opening of the
14、common bile duct and pancreatic duct75cm from incisorsMinor duodenal papilla,Duodenum,第十八页，共四十五页。,Duodenum,Suspensory muscle of duodenum and Suspensory lig.of duodenum(lig.of Treitz)a surgical landmark,descends from the right crus of diaphragm to duodenal termination.,第十九页，共四十五页。,Jejunum and ileum,第
15、二十页，共四十五页。,Jejunum and Ileum,第二十一页，共四十五页。,Meckels diverticulumPersistence of proximal portion of yolk sac Common malformation of digestive tract(24%)，more prevalent in malesAbout 25cm long and located 30100cm from ileocecal valveUsually asymptomatic but:May become inflamed(mimicking appendicitis)or
16、bleed,Jejunum and Ileum,第二十二页，共四十五页。,Large Intestine,Approximately 1.5m long,Five parts:Cecum Vermiform appendix Colon Rectum Anal canal,第二十三页，共四十五页。,Colic bands Haustra of colon Epiploic appendices,Large Intestine,Features,第二十四页，共四十五页。,Cecum,Position lies in right iliac fossaShape:Blind sac,first part of large intestine,with largest diameter and thinnest wallThe ileum enters the cecum obliquely,and partially invaginates into it,forming the ileocecal valve Consists of two folds Probably delays f
