1、ICU中的血液净化指南之我见,第一页，共四十二页。,Contents,Introduction,1,Type of therapy,2,Timing of CRRT,3,Dose of CRRT,4,Conclusions,5,6,第二页，共四十二页。,Introduction,Methods of extracorporeal renal replacement therapy(RRT)have been used for the supportive treatment of AKI for over 60 years.CRRT for the critically ill patient
2、 with ARF was introduced in 1977 by Kramer et al.Since then,many studies have reported on CRRT in the critically ill.,Klin Wochenschr 1977;55:1121-1122.,第三页，共四十二页。,Introduction,But for several reasons comparison among studies is difficult:Various treatment modalities have been applied in heterogeneo
3、us populations.Differences in clinical setting and underlying molecular biological mechanisms that initiate and maintain ARF.Furthermore,more than 35 definitions of ARF.Practice patterns vary widely between individual centers.Up to now,there are no standard guidelines for the application of CRRT in
4、critically ill patients.,Curr Opin Crit Care 2002;8:509-514.,第四页，共四十二页。,Introduction,The RIFLE Classification for acute renal failure,Crit Care 2004;8:R204-R212.,第五页，共四十二页。,Introduction,Conclusions:More then 200 different definitions of ARF and about 90 RRT start criteria were reported.Oliguria and
5、RIFLE were the most frequent criteria used to define ARF.RIFLE criteria might show a clinical impact on future daily practice and research.Different RRT techniques are available in most centers,but a general lack of treatment dose standardization is noted by our survey.Non-renal indications to RRT s
6、till need to find a definitive role in routine practice.,Nephrol Dial Transplant(2006)21:690696,第六页，共四十二页。,In the past,the interaction between nephrology and intensive care was minimal.Today,there is continuous interaction with several moments of high interaction due to common patients and complex s
7、yndromes,and much of the treatment of AKI has moved from the renal ward into ICUs.,Introduction,Contrib Nephrol.Basel,Karger,2022(166):13,第七页，共四十二页。,Contents,Introduction,1,Type of therapy,2,Timing of CRRT,3,Dose or intensity of CRRT,4,Conclusions,5,6,第八页，共四十二页。,Type of therapy,Classification of blo
8、od purification in critical care(BPCC)technology,PMX=polymyxin-B immobilized fiber;PMMA=polymethylmethacrylate;PAN=polyacrylonitrile;PEPA=polyether polymer alloy,Contrib Nephrol.Basel,Karger,2022(166):1120,第九页，共四十二页。,Type of therapy,As a continuous therapy,CRRT can be rapidly tailored to changes in
9、a patients clinical condition during critical illness,Blood purification in critical care,Contrib Nephrol.Basel,Karger,2022(166):1120,HDF=hemodiafiltration,第十页，共四十二页。,Type of therapy,These advantages have contributed to the widespread uptake of CRRT as the first-choice RRT in ICUs throughout Austral
10、ia,Japan and Europe.In these regions,CRRT is usually initiated and managed within the ICU,with RRT being integrated with other aspects of the management of critical illness,Nat.Rev.Nephrol.2022:6:521529.,第十一页，共四十二页。,Type of therapy,In north America,however,traditional structures of ICU management fa
11、vor an open-ICU approach:Within this model,RRT is usually prescribed by a nephrologist in the ICU and is initiated by a dialysis nurse In this environment,IHD has the advantage of requiring only daily or alternate-day attendance by the renal teamConversely,the relative labor costs of providing CRRT
12、are increased,an effect that is compounded by the larger fixed costs and higher consumable requirements of CRRTThese logistic factors have led to a preference for IHD over CRRT being maintained in ICUs that use the north American.,Nat.Rev.Nephrol.2022:6:521529.,第十二页，共四十二页。,Type of therapy,Clinical s
13、tudies of CRRT in the ICUThe diversity of clinical approaches to the treatment of AKI in the ICU is illustrated by the results of the BEST Kidney study,The multinational epidemiological study of RRT practice in the ICUStudy documented the treatment of AKI in 1,738 patients in 54 ICUs on five contine
14、nts,Nat.Rev.Nephrol.2022:6:521529.,第十三页，共四十二页。,Type of therapy,BEST study resultsCRRT was the most common choice of initial RRT treatment,with 80%of patients on CRRT;IHD use was mostly restricted to ICUs in north and south America,where it was used as initial therapy in 3040%of patients,while,by con
15、trast,CRRT is used first in 100%of ICUs in Australia.Among patients receiving CRRT,however,marked variation in the modality,intensity,timing was observedMaking it difficult to compare outcomes between patients on CRRT and those on IHD,Nat.Rev.Nephrol.2022:6:521529.,第十四页，共四十二页。,Type of therapy,Nat.Re
16、v.Nephrol.2022:6:521529.,第十五页，共四十二页。,有些研究说明在ICU不稳定的患者中应用IHD也不会存在明显的问题,有RCTs并没有显示出CRRT优于IHD,Type of therapy,Kidney Int 2022,76:422-427.BMC Nephrol 2022,11:32.Nephrol Dial Transplant 2022,24:512-518.Lancet 2006,368:379-385.,对于依赖血管活性药物的AKI患者，CRRT才是最适合的；依赖血管活性药物的AKI患者将来接受长期透析的几率CRRT 间断性治疗；AKI的急性期推荐应用CRRT，尤其是对于严重血流动力学不稳定、需大量去除液体以便于进行更有效药物治疗的患者。,Crit Care Med 2022,36:610-617.Kidney Int 2022,76:422-427.Nat Rev Nephrol 2022,9:521-529.Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022,86:562-565.,目前共识：,第十六页，共四十二页。,Contents,Introd
