1、现代食品科技 Modern Food Science and Technology 2023,Vol.39,No.6 277 基于食品安全指数法的台山市蔬菜和水果 农药残留风险评估 赵杰斌1,2,邓浩3,徐振林1*(1.广东省食品质量安全重点实验室,华南农业大学食品学院,广东广州 510642)(2.广东省台山市市场监督管理局,广东江门 529000)(3.海南省热带果蔬冷链研究重点实验室,海南海口 570100)摘要:该研究监测了 20192021 年台山市 10 个类蔬果中16 种农药的残留量,采用食品安全指数法(Index of Food Safety,IFS)和危害物风险系数法(Haz
2、ard Risk Coefficient,R)对其进行安全水平评估。结果表明,1 928 份蔬果样品中,34 份不合格,总体合格率为98.24%,芽菜类等 3 类蔬菜合格率低于总体水平,毒死蜱和克百威超标占比达 35.90%。食品安全指数法显示,叶菜类蔬菜IFS为2.59,安全状态不可接受,豆类蔬菜等 5 类IFS为 0.0660.38,安全状态可以接受,其余 4 类安全状态良好;氟虫腈等 3 种农药 IFS为0.6814.05,对安全性影响不可接受,其余13 种农药IFS 为0.005 80.76,对安全性影响可以接受。危害物风险系数法显示,毒死蜱等 5 种农药风险系数 R 为 2.676.
3、10,处于高风险,丙溴磷等 4 种风险系数 R 为1.912.22,处于中风险,其余 7 种均为低风险。建议监管部门应采取多种评价方法综合评估农药残留风险,加大风险品种蔬果、中高风险以及对安全影响较高的农药残留监测,同时提高快检技术在监管工作的覆盖面,加大植物生长调节剂和新型农药快检技术研发。关键词:蔬菜;水果;农药残留;安全指数;风险系数 文章编号:1673-9078(2023)06-277-283 DOI:10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2023.6.0714 Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Vegetables and
4、 Fruits from Taishan City Based on the Index of Food Safety ZHAO Jiebin1,2,DENG Hao3,XU Zhenlin1*(1.Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety,College of Food Science,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou 510642,China)(2.Guangdong Taishan City Administration for Market Re
5、gulation,Jiangmen 529000,China)(3.Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Cold-Chain Key Laboratory of Hainan Province,Haikou 570100,China)Abstract:In this study,the residues of 16 pesticides in 10 vegetables and fruits of Taishan city were monitored from 2019 to 2021,and the safety levels were evaluated by th
6、e index of food safety(IFS)and hazard risk coefficient(R).The results showed that 34 out of 1 928 vegetable and fruit samples were unqualified,and the overall passrate was 98.24%.The passrates of three types of vegetables including sprouts were lower than the overall level,and the percentage of the
7、samples with chlorpyrifos and carbofuran exceeding the standard was 35.90%.to the results obtained by the food safety index method showed that the IFS of leafy vegetables was 2.59,and the safety status was unacceptable;the IFS values of five types of bean vegetables including were 0.0660.38,and the
8、safety status was acceptable;and the other 4 categories were in good safety status.The IFS values of three pesticides including fipronil were 0.6814.05,indicating unacceptable effects on safety.The IFS values of the 13 pesticides were 0.005 80.76,thereby the effects on safety were acceptable.The res
9、ults of the hazard risk coefficient method showed that the risk coefficient R values of five pesticides including chlorpyrifos were 2.676.10,indicating a high risk;the risk coefficient R values of four 引文格式:赵杰斌,邓浩,徐振林.基于食品安全指数法的台山市蔬菜和水果农药残留风险评估J.现代食品科技,2023,39(6):277-283.ZHAO Jiebin,DENG Hao,XU Zhen
10、lin,et al.Risk assessment of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits from taishan city based on the index of food safety J.Modern Food Science and Technology,2023,39(6):277-283.收稿日期:2022-06-06 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(31301467);广东省普通高校重点研究项目(2019KJDXM002)作者简介:赵杰斌(1990-),男,硕士,助理工程师,研究方向:食品安全风险分析,E-mail: 通
11、讯作者:徐振林(1982-),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品安全检测与控制,E-mail: 现代食品科技 Modern Food Science and Technology 2023,Vol.39,No.6 278 pesticides such as propyl bromide were 1.912.22,indicating a medium risk;The remaining seven were all at low risk.It is suggested that the regulatory authorities should adopt a variety of eva
12、luation methods to evaluate comprehensively the risk of pesticide residues,and increase the monitoring of risky fruit and vegetable varieties,medium-high risk pesticide residues and those with high safety impact,while improving the coverage of rapid detection technologies for supervision work,and in
13、crease the research and development of plant growth regulators and novel rapid detection technologies for pesticides.Key words:vegetables;fruits;pesticide residue;safety index;risk coefficient 社会经济的飞速发展下,人们的生活水平显著提高,对农产品的需求逐渐从传统农业时期的“量”追求过渡到现如今的“质”追求,层次需求结构也在不断的深化。随着农产品需求量的增大,农户出于经济考虑违规施用农药,擅自加大施用量和
14、施用频率,缩短间隔期,导致农药在农产品残留积聚,是引发农产品安全风险的直接原因1。台山市位于广东省珠三角西南部,以其域内肥沃土壤,坚实地址,充足水源,成为广东省粮食生产基地和供港蔬菜生产基地之一,加之近年来,在周边城市农产品监督抽检中超限量、超范围使用农药,甚至使用禁用农药问题仍有出现。种植环节违规施用农药,除了因直接食用农药残留超标的农产品带来的直接危害外,过量的农药还会通过土地蓄积、雨水冲刷等作用造成面源污染,给人体健康带来长期性的潜在危害。因此,台山市农产品农药残留风险监测工作至关重要。目前,尚未有针对台山市区域内蔬菜和水果安全状况的研究,而有关江门市区域内蔬菜和水果安全状况的研究2,3
15、,大多局限于某一品种蔬果或某一类农药,缺乏对多种类的蔬果或农药风险进行较为全面、深入的分析评估。相关监管部门对农药残留风险评估中,仅针对不合格项目、不合格样本量和合格率进行机械性分析,鲜有结合多项指标,运用风险评估模型进行综合性风险研判。在食品安全风险评估模型研究方面,刘文等4提出了基于食品角度、项目角度的不合格率和不合格度,通过欧几里德距离计算食品安全指数,用于掌握食品污染物偏离限量标准的严重程度;盘正华等5提出了以问题检出率和不合格度为基础,构建食品安全指数,并以指数作为半径构建五分标度的食品安全评价扇状模型用于分级评价。上述两种方法较传统的评估方法而言,更能反映出食品安全风险程度,但是在
16、实际运用中,由于两种方法都是基于不合格率和偏离标准限值进行“平方和的平方根”来计算食品安全指数,导致两种方法更适用于不合格率较高的小数据集,但当面对不合格样本较少的大数据集,得到的食品安全指数始终处于安全水平,导致安全风险程度被低估。另外,李太平6按照黄金分割法和五级标度法,基于区域和品种的合格率,构建食品安全指数,但该方法主要用于宏观评价食品安全状况,无法微观反映安全风险的类型和程度。针对上述问题,本研究采用基于农药实际摄入估算量、安全摄入量等指标的食品安全指数法(Index of Food Safety,IFS)和基于农药超标率、施检率等指标的危害物风险系数(Hazard Risk Coefficient,R)对台山市区域内抽检的10种蔬果中16种农药残留风险情况进行综合性评估,以全面了解台山市蔬菜和水果安全基本情况,及时发现农药残留风险的分布特点,为监管部门进一步提升农产品监管效能,提升食品安全水平提供有效依据和技术支撑。1 材料与方法 1.1 样品来源 2019 至 2021 年,本研究依据 NY/T 789-2004 农药残留分析样本的采集方法,分别在台山市 17 个镇街的蔬