1、第6 6 卷第7 期2023年7 月刘皓晴,李玉江,陈连旺.2 0 2 3青藏高原东缘虎牙断裂带南北段运动方式差异性机理:来自数值模拟的约束地球物理学报,6 6(7):2 7 57-2 7 7 1,doi:10.6038/cjg2022Q0539.Liu H Q,Li Y J,Chen L W.2o23.Mechanisms of the different senses of fault slip in the north and south segments of theHuya Fault zone,eastern Tibetan Plateau:Constraints from num
2、erical modeling.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),66(7):2757-2771,doi:10.6038/cjg2022Q0539.地球物理学报CHINESE JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICSVol.66,No.7Jul.,2023青藏高原东缘虎牙断裂带南北段运动方式差异性机理:来自数值模拟的约束刘皓晴,李玉江*,陈连旺应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院,北京10 0 0 8 5摘要虎牙断裂带作为青藏高原物质东向扩展的前缘断裂之一,其运动方式和强震活动类型表现出显著的南北差异.研究虎牙断裂带运动方式的差异性机理,对于认识地震发生机制与高原东向
3、扩展模式有着重要意义.本文构建包含虎牙断裂带的三维黏弹性有限元模型,研究介质流变性差异与断层几何形态对区域地壳变形及断层三维滑动速率的影响.数值实验结果表明,在青藏高原物质东向挤出的动力学背景下,在虎牙断裂带南段,中下地壳介质流变性横向差异控制着断层以逆冲性质为主的运动,且随着中下地壳断层两侧流变性差异的增大,断层西侧物质的水平运动更易发生向垂向运动的转换.在断层两侧流变强度差12 个数量级时,断层倾向滑动速率与走向滑动速率的比值达3.34.0,表现出显著的逆冲运动,与松潘一平武强震所反映的断层运动特征基本一致.相反,在断裂带北段,考虑断层两侧中下地壳较小的流变性差异时,断层即表现出明显的逆冲
4、运动,这与九寨沟Ms7.0等强震反映的断层以走滑性质为主的运动明显不符,表明虎牙断裂带北段可能不存在中下地壳介质流变性的横向差异,断层以走滑为主的运动方式主要受断裂带几何展布控制.研究结果为认识青藏高原东缘同一构造区内断层运动方式差异与发震机制以及高原东向扩展模式提供了理论依据.关键词青藏高原东缘;虎牙断裂带;介质流变差异;地壳变形;数值模拟doi:10.6038/cjg2022Q0539中图分类号P315,P313收稿日期2 0 2 2-0 7-0 8,2 0 2 2-10-31收修定稿Mechanisms of the different senses of fault slip in t
5、he north and south segments ofthe Huya Fault zone,eastern Tibetan Plateau:Constraints from numerical modelingLIU HaoQing,LI YuJiang*,CHEN Lian WangNational Institute of Natural Hazards,Ministry of Emergency Management,Beijing 100085,ChinaAbstract As one of the frontal faults of the eastward expansio
6、n of the Tibetan Plateau,the HuyaFault zone shows significant north-south differences in the senses of fault slip and types of strongearthquakes.The mechanism of different senses of fault slip is crucial for revealing the eastwardexpansion pattern of the plateau.In this study,we constructed a three-
7、dimensional viscoelasticfinite element model that embedded the Huya Fault zone,to investigate the effects of rheologicalheterogeneity and fault geometry on crustal deformation and three-dimensional fault slip rates.The results show that,with the continuous eastward extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau,i
8、n the基金项目国家自然科学基金项目(42 17 412 0,418 7 4116),中央公益性科研院所基本科研业务专项(ZDJ2019-16)资助.第一作者简介刘皓晴,女,1998 年生,硕士研究生,主要从事地壳变形动力学数值模拟研究E-mail:l i u h a o q i n g 2 0 m a i l s,u c a s.a c.c n*通讯作者李玉江,男,198 2 年生,博士,研究员,主要从事断层相互作用机制与地球动力学数值模拟研究。E-mail:y u j i a n g l i n i n h m.a c.c n2758south segment of the Huya F
9、ault zone,the lateral rheological heterogeneity controls the thrust-dominated fault movement,and with the increase of the difference in rheological viscosity on bothsides of the fault in the mid-lower crust,the horizontal movement on the west side of the fault ismore likely to be transferred to the
10、vertical movement.When a viscosity contrast between thetwo sides of the fault is about two orders of magnitude,the ratio between the dip-slip rate and thestrike-slip rate reaches 3.34.O,showing a significant thrust motion,which is consistent withthe sense of fault slip reflected by the strong Songpa
11、nPingwu earthquakes.On the contrary,inthe north segment of the fault,even with the small lateral rheological heterogeneity in the mid-lower crust,the fault can show obvious thrust motion,which is in contrast to the strike-slipmotion demonstrated by the Ms7.O Jiuzhaigou earthquake,suggesting that the
12、re may be nolateral rheological heterogeneity in the mid-lower crust in the north segment of the Huya Faultzone,and fault geometry is the main factor controlling the dominated strike-slip fault movement.This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the spatial different senses of fault s
13、lipand seismogenic mechanism in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau,and also the eastwardexpansion pattern of the plateau.Keywords Eastern Tibetan Plateau;Huya Fault zone;Rheological heterogeneity;Crustal deformation;Numerical simulation0引言虎牙断裂带位于青藏高原东缘,属于巴颜喀拉块体北边界向东边界过渡的剪切-挤压构造变形区(Chen et al.
14、,19 9 4;K ir b y e t a l.,2 0 0 7)(图1),是认识高原东向扩展模式的关键地带.大致以雪山梁子断裂为界,虎牙断裂带分为南、北两段.活动构造结果显示,虎牙断裂带北段以左旋走滑运动为主(徐锡伟等,2 0 17;梁欧博等,2 0 18),曾发生197 3年松潘黄龙Ms6.5地震、2 0 17 年九寨沟Ms7.0地震等走滑型强震(朱航和闻学泽,2 0 0 9;易桂喜等,2 0 17;房立华等,2 0 18;Longetal.,2 0 19).而断裂带南段则以逆冲运动为主,与197 6 年松潘一平武Ms7.2、M s 6.7和Ms7.2强震震群所反映的断层逆冲性质一致(J
15、onesetal.,19 8 4).因此,如何认识虎牙断裂带南北两段显著的断层运动方式差异对深人理解青藏高原东缘强震发生机制、地壳变形方式等均有重要意义。断层运动方式与区域应力结构密切相关(H e i d b a c h e t a l.,2 0 18;李玉江等,2 0 2 2),而应力结构又受到地质构造环境与介质流变性等因素影响(Zoback,19 9 2;Zh o n g e t a l.,19 9 8).作为东昆仑断裂带东段向东或东南散开的马尾状构造体系的组成部分,虎牙断裂带北段分解东昆仑断裂带的左旋走滑分量;而南段作为横向挤压构造,吸收了部分的左旋走滑运动,并转换为高原东缘岷山的隆升地
16、球物理学报(Chinese J.Geophys.)66卷(Kirby et al.,2 0 0 7;Xu e t a l.,2 0 13;邓起东等,2014).在近东西向构造挤压应力作用下,虎牙断裂带由北段的以走滑运动为主逐渐向南段的以逆冲运动为主转变,这种复杂的区域断层滑动模式差异可能与断层走向和倾角的变化有关(Liu et al.,2022).各向异性结果显示,青藏高原东缘上地壳快波方向与断层走向近似平行(高原等,2 0 18),而下地壳快波方向则与高原地形梯度平行,暗示重力势能驱动下局部下地壳流在虎牙断裂带南段地壳变形中的重要作用(Haoetal.,2 0 2 1).三维大地电磁结果也显示虎牙断裂带下方中下地壳物质存在横向的不均匀性分布(Zhaoet al.,2 0 19;Su n e t a l.,2 0 2 0;Dong et al.,2 0 2 2),即虎牙断裂带北段中下地壳的低阻、高导物质穿越断裂带继续向东延伸;而南段则表现为低阻、高导物质终止于虎牙断裂带,虎牙断裂带断层运动方式的差异可能与下地壳流的横向扩展模式密切相关(Sunetal.,2 0 18).因此,断层的几何