1、International Comparative LiteratureVol.6 NO.1(2023):007-022DOI:10.19857/ki.ICL.20236101Copyright Shanghai Normal University杜威 佛克马与世界文学研究*Douwe Fokkema and World Literature Studies王宁 上海交通大学WANG NingShanghai Jiao Tong University Abstract:In the discussion of world literature in international academic
2、 circles,scholars usually quote the works and views of American scholars like Franco Moretti and David Damrosch,but they seem to ignore the contributions made by such a European scholar as Douwe Fokkema,who had before them been dabbling in world literature issues.In fact,as early as the 1980s,Fokkem
3、a had already published a number of articles,covering a wide range of world literature issues,and was involved in the discussion of literary canon formation and reformation and other relevant issues.Because of his early training in Sinology and later attainments in Western literary theory,Fokkema br
4、oke away from Western-centrism when he began his comparative literature studies,consciously carrying out cross-cultural comparative studies of literature.His involvement with world literature began with a study of postmodern literature,in which he not only invited Chinese and other non-Western schol
5、ars to write chapters in the volume on postmodernism edited by himself and Hans Berten as one volume of The Comparative History of Literature in European Languages,but,in his later years,he devoted himself to the study of contemporary Chinese postmodern literature and published an essay on the subje
6、ct,thus viewing postmodernism as an international trend of thought in world literature and art.In addition,he also dabbled in the construction of a new cosmopolitanism with the times,and reconstructed cosmopolitan elements from China s Confucianism as a reference.All the above constitute his cross-c
7、ultural theoretical contributions to the study of world literature.Keywords:Fokkema;world literature;Chinese literature;cultural relativism;Western-centrism;cosmopolitanismNotes on the Author:WANG Ning is Distinguished University Professor of Humanities and Social Sciences at Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ
8、ersity and Changjiang*投稿日期Submitted Date:Nov.25,2022;接受刊登日期Accepted Date:Dec.8,2022.2023年第6卷 第1期国际比较文学国际比较文学INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE LITERATUREDistinguished Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Tsinghua University.He has been the Dean of the School of Humanities at SJTU since 2019.毫无疑
9、问,继歌德之后,马克思主义创始人对世界文学概念的形成也做出了重要的贡献。在当今的国际学界,世界文学问题不仅得到一些西方马克思主义理论家的关注,同时也得到一些对马克思主义深表同情并带有左翼倾向的文学理论家和比较文学学者的关注。在这方面,荷兰比较文学学者和汉学家杜威佛克马(Douwe W.Fokkema,19312011)可算作是较早涉猎世界文学现象并做出理论建树的学者之一。他同时也是著名的国际比较文学学者和文学理论家,早年毕业于荷兰莱顿大学汉学研究院,获中国文学博士学位,后来在荷兰王国驻中国大使馆任二等秘书、文化参赞等职。任职期满后长期积极投身于比较文学教学、研究和组织工作。佛克马学识渊博,几乎
10、可以用欧洲所有主要的语言阅读,并用英、法、德文和荷兰文写作。他也通晓中文,对中国现当代文学及理论尤有研究。他的主要著作包括:中国的文学教义及苏联影响(Literary Doctrine in China and Soviet Influence:1956 1960,1965)、20 世 纪 文 学 理 论(Theories of Literature in the Twentieth Century,与蚁布思合作,1978),文学史、现代主义和后现代主义(Literary History,Modernism,and Postmodernism,1984)、欧洲文学中的现代主义(Het Mode
11、rnisme in de Europese Letterkunde,与蚁布思合作,1984)、现代主义推测:19101940年欧洲文学的主流(Modernist Conjectures:A Mainstream in European Literature 19101940,与蚁布思合作,1987)、总体文学和比较文学论题(Issues in General and Comparative Literature,1987)、知识和专注:文学研究的问题与方法(Knowledge and Commitment:A Problem-Oriented Approach to Literary Stud
12、ies,与蚁布思合作,2000)、乌托邦小说:中国与西方(Perfect World:Utopian Fiction in China and the West,2011)等,并主编了多部专题研究文集。由于佛克马在中国的比较文学和文化理论界的重大影响和独特地位,同时也由于他在所有研究世界文学的西方学者中是极少数通晓俄语和汉语并熟悉中国现代文学和理论的学者之一,因此他的世界文学观便有着鲜明的跨文化特色,同时也与马克思主义有着难以割舍的联系,从而在各位主要的世界文学研究者中独树一帜,并有着广泛的影响。一、文化相对主义与世界文学研究与当今的国际比较文学界其他欧美理论家所不同的是,佛克马专门讨论世界文
13、学理论的专著并不算多,但他始终有着广阔的世界主义胸襟和世界文学视野,并以扎实的文本细读和经验研究作为基础,因此在讨论比较文学和文学理论问题时都能涉及西方世界以外的文学现象,对于当今具有理论争鸣意义的论题也有着自己的独特见解。他关于世界文学的观点大多散见于发表在期刊或文集的论文中,出版于1987年的 总体文学和比较文学论题 就是他自己精心挑选的一本专题研究论文集,主要聚焦文学理论和世界文学问008杜威 佛克马与世界文学研究Douwe Fokkema and World Literature Studies2023,Vol.6,No.1题。这部论文集由十篇论文组成,其具体篇目如下:第一篇为 文化相
14、对主义重新思考:比较 文 学 与 跨 文 化 关 系(Cultural Relativism Reconsidered:Comparative Literature and Intercultural Relations),第二篇为 文学史:关于文学撰史学问题的一些评论(Literary History:A Comment on Some Problems in Literary Historiography),第三篇为 青年艺术家的肖像,狗,和猿猴:关于接受理论的一些思考(The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man,a Dog,and an Ape:S
15、ome Observations on Reception Theory),第四篇为 比较文学和新的范式(Comparative Literature and the New Paradigm),第五篇为 审美经验的符号学定义和现代主义的分期代码(A Semiotic Definition of Aesthetic Experience and the Period Code of Modernism),第六篇为 文学研究中的代码概念(The Concept of Code in the Study of Literature),第七篇为 文学理论中成规的概念与经验研究(The Concept
16、 of Convention in Literary Theory and Empirical Research),第八篇为 作为解决问题之工具的经典(The Canon as an Instrument for Problem Solving),第九篇为 比较文学的教学法和反教学法(Didactics and Anti-Didactics of Comparative Literature),第十篇为 论文学研究的可靠性(On the Reliability of Literary Studies)。从上述这些标题我们不难看出,佛克马所关注的主要理论问题大都在当今的学术界有所反响。单单从上述这些文章的题目我们并不能看出其涉及世界文学问题,但是他的世界文学观却贯穿于这其中的一些文章中。这部论文集之所以以 总体文学和比较文学论题 为标题,恰恰体现了作者在这两方面的造诣和思考。佛克马作为一位有着严谨的科学精神和理论造诣的欧洲学者从一开始就十分注重文学的经验研究,他的博士论文题目就是 中国的文学教义及苏联影响,单单从这个题目就可以看出写作的跨度是很大的,涉及的语种也超过三种:首先,他作为一位