1、doi：10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220376白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂有翅和无翅型雌蜂寄生行为和子代发育比较*唐艳龙1王丽娜1刘菲1康奎1曾伯平1王小艺2魏可2（1.遵义师范学院生物与农业科技学院贵州省赤水河流域动物资源保护与应用研究重点实验室遵义 563002；2.中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与自然保护研究所国家林业和草原局森林保护学重点实验室北京 100091）摘要：【目的】白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂雌蜂可发育为有翅或无翅型 2 种形态，但有翅型雌蜂在种群中占比较少。探究有翅和无翅型雌蜂的寄生行为和子代发育情况是否存在差异，为进一步明确在寄生蜂规模化繁育中调控有翅雌性个体的必要性提
2、供理论依据。【方法】对比测定有翅和无翅型白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂雌蜂在生命周期内可完成产卵寄生的次数、雌蜂产卵前期、子代发育历期、子代数量和雄性比例。【结果】1）有翅和无翅型雌蜂最多可完成 4 次寄生过程，其寄生能力无显著差异，但寄生能力均随寄生次数增加而减弱；2 种翅型雌蜂的寿命无显著差异，平均寿命约 43 天。2）有翅和无翅型雌蜂的产卵前期及其子代幼期历期均无显著差异。3）有翅和无翅型雌蜂子代总数及雄性比例无显著差异，一头雌蜂的子代总数分别为 103 头和 98 头，雄性比例分别为 10.59%和 6.90%；无论何种翅型的雌蜂，在 4 次寄生过程中，前 2 批次子代以雌性为主，后 2 批次子代以雄
3、性为主。【结论】有翅雌蜂未因翅的发育造成寄生能力和繁殖力损耗，其生殖适合度较无翅型个体无差异。由于具翅雌蜂释放后自行扩散能力强，故人为调控诱导产生更多的具翅雌蜂对该寄生蜂在生物防治上发挥的作用更为有利。关键词：翅型分化；寄生能力；繁殖力；发育历期；性比中图分类号：S763.306.4文献标识码：A文章编号：10017488(2023)07012809Comparison of Parasitic Behavior and Progeny Developmentbetween Winged and Wingless Female Adults of Sclerodermus pupariae(H
4、ymenoptera:Bethylidae)Tang Yanlong1Wang Lina1Liu Fei1Kang Kui1Zeng Boping1Wang Xiaoyi2Wei Ke2（1.Laboratory of Regional Characteristic for Conservation and Utilization of Plant Resource in Chishui River BasinCollege of Biology and Agriculture,ZunyiNormal UniversityZunyi 563002；2.Key Laboratory of For
5、est Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration Ecology and Nature ConservationInstitute,Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijing 100091）Abstract：【Objective】Female adults of Sclerodermus pupariae can develop into winged or wingless morphs.However,winged females are only occasionally found
6、 in both wild and mass-reared populations.This study aims to investigate whether thereare differences in the parasitic behavior and progeny development between winged and wingless female individuals,so as toprovide a theoretical basis for further clarifying the necessity of inducing production of wi
7、nged females in the parasitoid mass-rearing.【Method】The parasitism ability,pre-oviposition period,offspring immature duration,fecundity,and male offspringproportion of winged and wingless females were measured in the laboratory conditions.【Result】1)Both winged and winglessfemales could complete four
8、 times of parasitism.There was no significant difference in parasitism ability between the two types ofmorphs of the parasitoids,but the parasitism ability decreased with the increasing parasitism times.There was no significantdifference in longevities of winged and wingless females,with an average
9、lifespan of approximately 43 days.2)There were nosignificant differences in the pre-oviposition period and the offspring immature duration between winged and wingless females.3)The total numbers of offspring and male proportions of winged and wingless females exhibited no significant differences.Win
10、gedand wingless females could produce approximately 103 and 98 progenies,respectively.Their male progeny proportions were10.59%and 6.90%,respectively.Both winged and wingless females had the four parasitism times,and their offsprings in the firsttwo broods were dominated by females,and the second tw
11、o broods of offsprings were dominated by males.【Conclusion】The 收稿日期：20220530；修回日期：20220902。基金项目：贵州省科技厅基础研究项目（黔科合基础 20201Y132）；国家自然科学基金项目（31901319）；赤水河流域动物资源保护与应用研究特色重点实验室建设项目（黔教合 KY 字 2013111）；赤水河流域环境保护与山地农业发展人才基地项目。*魏可为通讯作者。第 59 卷 第 7 期林业科学 Vol.59，No.72 0 2 3 年 7 月SCIENTIA SILVAE SINICAEJul.，2 0 2
12、3parasitism and fecundity of winged females are not lost due to the development of wings,and the reproductive fitness of wingedfemales does not decrease in comparison to the wingless individuals.Due to the strong self diffusion ability of winged females afterrelease,more winged females produced by a
13、rtificial regulations would achieve benefits for biocontrol application of this parasitoid.Key words：wing dimorphism；parasitism ability；fecundity；developmental duration；sex ratio 翅多型性也称翅型分化，广泛存在于昆虫中（Roff,1986;Zera et al.,1997）。昆虫翅型分化主要表现为种内同一性别的个体可发育成为有翅型和无翅型，或长翅型和短翅型，其中有翅型或长翅型个体具有完全发育的翅和飞行肌，具备飞行能力，
14、无翅型或短翅型个体则不具备飞行能力（Roff et al.,1991）。具备飞行能力的个体在栖境和寄主资源开发方面有先天优势，不具备飞行能力的个体，因不需耗费大量机体能量用于翅的发育，故其常在繁殖力上较可飞行个体更有优势（Guerra,2011）。普遍认为，昆虫翅多型性是个体通过形态可塑性以适应环境的重要发育机制，当环境稳定时，无翅型或短翅型个体数量占优，如此可分配更多的能量用于繁殖；反之，则产生更多有翅型或长翅型个体，实现更多个体具备可随时迁出不利环境的能力（Zera et al.,2001;Simpson et al.,2011）。具翅多型性的昆虫种类很多，但相关研究主要针对一些可造成严重
15、损失的植食性昆虫，对寄生蜂鲜有报道（王小艺等,2015）。植食性昆虫的迁飞决定灾害扩散范围，诱导飞行能力缺陷可成为一种全新的害虫防控模式。事实上，针对具有翅型分化特征的寄生蜂而言，调控有翅型个体的产出，对害虫防治也有重要意义。在生物防治中，寄生蜂释放往往受限于地形而不能覆盖害虫发生的全部区域，因此寄生蜂扩散能力的强弱直接决定其被释放后最终能覆盖到的害虫暴发区域。若某种寄生蜂存在翅型分化，但自然种群以无翅型为主，假设能通过人为调控使其产生更多有翅型个体，则其自行扩散能力可以大大提升，其生物防治效率将会显著提高。我国应用于多种天牛和吉丁虫生物防治的硬皮肿腿蜂（Sclerodermus spp.）存
16、在翅型分化现象，其表现为雌蜂存在无翅和有翅型个体（翅二型），但主要以无翅型为主（杨忠岐等,2014）。无翅型雌蜂不能飞行，林间释放后扩散能力有限。在肿腿蜂人工繁育中，调控产出更多的有翅型雌性个体，以提高生物防治效率，近年来得到关注。白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂（S.pupariae）（Hymenoptera:Bethylidae）的翅二型现象和环境诱导有翅个体产生是多种存在翅型分化特征的肿腿蜂中研究较系统的一种。多种环境因素，包括高温、短日照、弱光、幼期高密度均可诱导白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂有翅型雌蜂产生（Wang et al.,2016;Hu et al.,2019;胡帅等,2020）。更多的有翅型雌蜂可满足对天敌高扩散能力的需求，但也需明确翅二型个体是否存在显著的生活史特征差异，因为一些研究表明有翅型个体虽有利于扩散，但同时也面临诸如繁殖力下降、交配能力减弱、卵 成 熟 延 缓、幼 期 历 期 延 长 等 生 理 特 征 的 改 变（Langellotto et al.,2000;Braendle et al.,2006;Tufail etal.,2010;Guerra,2011;曾杨等,2012）。若调
