1、RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT20162REN21 STEERING COMMITTEEINDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS Ernesto Macas Galn Alliance for Rural Electrification(ARE)Greg Wetstone American Council On Renewable Energy(ACORE)Li Junfeng Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association(CREIA)Kane Thornton Clean Energy Counci
2、l(CEC)Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes European Renewable Energies Federation(EREF)Steve Sawyer Global Wind Energy Council(GWEC)Marietta Sander International Geothermal Association(IGA)Richard Taylor International Hydropower Association(IHA)Karin Haara World Bioenergy Association(WBA)Stefan Gsnger World Wind
3、 Energy Association(WWEA)INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONSYongping Zhai Asian Development Bank(ADB)Mahama Kappiah ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency(ECREEE)Paula Abreu Marques European Commission(EC)David Rodgers Global Environment Facility(GEF)Paolo Frankl International Energy Agenc
4、y(IEA)Adnan Z.Amin International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA)Marcel Alers United Nations Development Programme(UNDP)Mark Radka United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP)Pradeep Monga United Nations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO)Gevorg Sargsyan World Bank NGOSIrene Giner-Reichl Global F
5、orum on Sustainable Energy(GFSE)Emily Rochon Greenpeace International Emani Kumar ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability,South Asia Tetsunari Iida Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies(ISEP)Ibrahim Togola Mali Folkecenter(MFC)/Citizens United for Renewable Energy and SustainabilityAhmed Badr
6、 Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency(RCREEE)Tomas Kberger Renewable Energy InstituteHarry Lehmann World Council for Renewable Energy(WCRE)Stefan Schurig World Future Council(WFC)Rafael Senga World Wildlife Fund(WWF)MEMBERS AT LARGEKirsty Hamilton Chatham HouseMichael Eckhart C
7、itigroup,Inc.Peter Rae REN AllianceDavid Hales Second NatureMohamed El-Ashry United Nations FoundationNATIONAL GOVERNMENTSReinaldo Salgado BrazilRasmus Abilgaard Kristensen Denmark Tania Rdiger-Vorwerk/Thorsten Herdan Germany Tarun Kapoor India ivind Johansen Norway Wolsey Barnard South AfricaMarisa
8、 Olano SpainThani Ahmed Al Zeyoudi United Arab Emirates Griff Thompson United States of AmericaSCIENCE AND ACADEMIANicols R.Di Sbroiavacca Fundacin BarilocheNebojsa Nakicenovic International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis(IIASA)David Renn International Solar Energy Society(ISES)Doug Arent Na
9、tional Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL)Kevin Nassiep South African National Energy Development Institute(SANEDI)DISCLAIMER:REN21 releases issue papers and reports to emphasise the importance of renewable energy and to generate discussion on issues central to the promotion of renewable energy.While
10、REN21 papers and reports have benefited from the considerations and input from the REN21 community,they do not necessarily represent a consensus among network participants on any given point.Although the information given in this report is the best available to the authors at the time,REN21 and its
11、participants cannot be held liable for its accuracy and correctness.EXECUTIVE SECRETARYChristine Lins REN21CHAIRArthouros Zervos National Technical University of Athens(NTUA)01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 26 Power Sector.32 Heating and Cooling Sector.36 Transport Sector.3802 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS 42 Biomas
12、s Energy.43 Geothermal Power and Heat.50 Hydropower.53 Ocean Energy.57 Solar Photovoltaics(PV).60 Concentrating Solar Thermal Power(CSP).67 Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling.70 Wind Power.7503 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR ENERGY ACCESS 86 Status of Energy Access:An Overview.87 Distributed Renewa
13、ble Energy Technologies and Markets.88 Investment and Financing .93 Industry Development and Business Models.94 Policy Developments.95 Programme Developments.96 The Path Forward.9704 INVESTMENT FLOWS 98 Investment by Economy.101 Investment by Technology.103 Investment by Type.104 Sources of Investme
14、nt.105 Early Investment Trends in 2016.10505 POLICY LANDSCAPE 106 Targets.108 Power Generation.109 Heating and Cooling .115 Transport .116 City and Local Governments.11706 ENERGY EFFICIENCY 122 Global Overview.123 Market and Industry Trends.125 Investment.130 Policies,Programmes and Plans.13107 FEAT
15、URE:COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENERGY 134 Status and Trends.136 Organisational Structures.137 Drivers and Benefits.137 Enabling Environment and Outlook.139GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTSForeword.07Acknowledgements.10Executive Summary.16Renewable Energy Indicators 2015 .19Top Five Countries Table.21Reference Tab
16、les.140Endnotes.186Methodological Notes.262Glossary.264Energy Units and Conversion Factors.270List of Abbreviations.271REPORT CITATION REN21.2016.Renewables 2016 Global Status Report(Paris:REN21 Secretariat).ISBN 978-3-9818107-0-74TablesSidebarsTables Table 1 Estimated Direct and Indirect Jobs in Re
17、newable Energy Worldwide,by Industry.41Table 2 Status of Renewable Technologies:Costs and Capacity Factors.82Table 3 Examples of Distributed Renewable Energy Use for Productive Energy Services.92Table 4 Renewable Energy Support Policies.119Sidebar 1 Regional Spotlight:South East Europe,Caucasus,Russ
18、ian Federation and Central Asia.31Sidebar 2 Jobs in Renewable Energy.40Sidebar 3 Renewable Power Technology Cost Trends.81Sidebar 4 Renewable Energy in Intended Nationally Determined Contributions(INDCs)and the COP21 Paris Agreement.110Sidebar 5 Community Energy Initiatives Using Renewable Energy.13
19、8Table R1 Global Renewable Energy Capacity and Biofuel Production,2015.140Table R2 Renewable Electric Power Global Capacity,Top Regions/Countries,2015.141Table R3 Biofuels Global Production,Top 16 Countries and EU-28,2015.142Table R4 Geothermal Power Global Capacity and Additions,Top Six Countries,2
20、015.143Table R5 Hydropower Global Capacity and Additions,Top 6 Countries,2015.144Table R6 Solar PV Global Capacity and Additions,Top 10 Countries,2015.145Table R7 Concentrating Solar Thermal Power(CSP)Global Capacity and Additions,2015.146Table R8 Solar Water Heating Collectors Total Capacity End-20
21、14 and Newly Installed Capacity 2015,Top 18 Countries.147Table R9 Wind Power Global Capacity and Additions,Top 10 Countries,2015.148Table R10 Electricity Access by Region and Country,2013 and Targets.149Table R11 Population Relying on Traditional Biomass for Cooking,2013.153Table R12 Programmes Furt
22、hering Energy Access:Selected Examples.155Table R13 Networks Furthering Energy Access:Selected Examples.158Table R14 Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment,20052015.160Table R15 Share of Primary and Final Energy from Renewable Sources,Targets and 2013/2014 Shares.161Table R16 Renewable Energy
23、Targets for Technology-Specific Share of Primary and Final Energy.164Table R17 Share of Electricity Generation from Renewable Sources,Targets and 2014 Shares.165Table R18 Renewable Energy Targets for Technology-Specific Share of Electricity Generation.169Table R19 Targets for Renewable Power Install
24、ed Capacity and/or Generation.170Table R20 Cumulative Number of Countries/States/Provinces Enacting Feed-in Policies,and 2015 Revisions.177Table R21 Cumulative Number of Countries/States/Provinces Enacting RPS/Quota Policies,and 2015 Revisions .179Table R22 Renewable Energy Auctions Held in 2015 by
25、Country/State/Province.180Table R23 Heating and Cooling from Renewable Sources,Targets and 2014 Shares.181Table R24 Transportation Energy from Renewable Sources,Targets and 2014 Shares.182Table R25 National and State/Provincial Biofuel Blend Mandates.183Table R26 City and Local Renewable Energy Targ
26、ets:Selected Examples.184GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS(continued)5RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPORTFiguresFigure 1.Estimated Renewable Energy Share of Global Final Energy Consumption,2014.28Figure 2.Average Annual Growth Rates of Renewable Energy Capacity and Biofuels Production,End-2010 to End-2015
27、.29Figure 3.Estimated Renewable Energy Share of Global Electricity Production,End2015.32Figure 4.Renewable Power Capacities in World,EU-28,BRICS and Top Seven Countries,End-2015.33Figure 5.Jobs in Renewable Energy.41Figure 6.Shares of Biomass in Total Final Energy Consumption and in Final Energy Con
28、sumption by End-use Sector,2014.43Figure 7.Shares of Biomass Sources in Global Heat and Electricity Generation,2015.45Figure 8.Bio-Power Global Generation,by Country/Region,20052015.45Figure 9.Biofuels Global Production,Shares by Type and by Country/Region,2015.45Figure 10.Geothermal Power Global Ca
29、pacity Additions,Share by Country,2015.51Figure 11.Geothermal Power Capacity and Additions,Top 10 Countries and Rest of World,2015.51Figure 12.Hydropower Global Capacity,Shares of Top Six Countries and Rest of World,2015.55Figure 13.Hydropower Capacity and Additions,Top Nine Countries for Capacity A
30、dded,2015.55Figure 14.Solar PV Global Capacity and Annual Additions,20052015.62Figure 15.Solar PV Global Capacity,by Country/Region,2005-2015.62Figure 16.Solar PV Capacity and Additions,Top 10 Countries,2015.63Figure 17.Solar PV Capacity Additions,Shares of Top 15 Countries and Rest of World,2015.63
31、Figure 18.Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Global Capacity,by Country/Region,20052015.68Figure 19.Solar Water Heating Collectors Additions,Top 18 Countries for Capacity Added,2015.71Figure 20.Solar Water Heating Collectors Global Capacity,20052015.71Figure 21.Solar Water Heating Collectors Global C
32、apacity,Shares of Top 12 Countries and Rest of World,2014.71Figure 22.Solar Water Heating Applications for Newly Installed Capacity,by Country/Region,2014.72Figure 23.Wind Power Global Capacity and Annual Additions,20052015.77Figure 24.Wind Power Capacity and Additions,Top 10 Countries,2015.77Figure
33、 25.Market Shares of Top 10 Wind Turbine Manufacturers,2015.77Figure 26.World Electricity Access and Lack of Access,by Region,2013.88Figure 27.World Clean Cooking Access and Lack of Access,by Region,2013.88Figure 28.Market Penetration of DRE Systems in Selected Countries.90Figure 29.Number of Solar
34、Lighting Systems in Top Five Countries,End-2014.91Figure 30.Number of Solar Home Systems in Top Five Countries,End-2014.91Figure 31.Number of Biogas Installations in Top Five Countries,End-2014.91Figure 32.Number of Installed Clean Cook Stoves in Top Five Countries,2012-2014.91Figure 33.Capital Rais
35、ed by Off-Grid Renewable Energy Companies in 2015.91Figure 34.Number of Pay As You Go Enterprises by Country/Region.94Figure 35.Global New Investment in Renewable Power and Fuels,Developed,Emerging and Developing Countries,20052015.99Figure 36.Global New Investment in Renewable Power and Fuels,by Co
36、untry/Region,20052015.100Figure 37.Global New Investment in Renewable Energy by Technology,Developed and Developing Countries,2015.103Figure 38.Number of Renewable Energy Policies and Number of Countries with Policies,by Type,20122015.112Figure 39.Countries with Renewable Energy Power Policies,by Ty
37、pe,2015.113Figure 40.Countries with Renewable Energy Heating and Cooling Obligations,20102015.113Figure 41.Countries with Renewable Energy Transport Obligations,20102015.113Figure 42.Countries with Energy Efficiency Policies and Targets,2015.123Figure 43.Global Primary Energy Intensity and Total Pri
38、mary Energy Demand,19902014.124Figure 44.Average Electricity Consumption per Electrified Household,Selected Regions and World,2000,2005,2010 and 2014.126Figure 45.Electricity Intensity of Service Sector (to Value Added),Selected Regions and World,2000,2005,2010 and 2014.127Figure 46.Energy Intensity
39、 in Transport,Selected Regions and World,2000,2005,2010 and 2014.128Figure 47.Energy Intensity in Industry,Selected Regions and World,2000,2005,2010 and 2014.1296REN21 COMMUNITYRENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT95%92%global GDPglobalpopulation16,000newsletter subscribers2,050reviewers800650topical cont
40、ributorscountrycontributors330technologycontributors148countriescoveredAUTHORSREN21 SECRETARIATGSR 2016COVERAGEREN21 is a multi-stakeholder network;collectively this network shares its insight and knowledge,helping the REN21 Secretariat produce its annual Renewables Global Status Report as well as r
41、egional reports.Today the network stands at 700 renewable energy,energy access and energy efficiency experts.For GSR 2016,180 experts joined the report process,equivalent to the total number of GSR experts in 2012.These experts engage in the GSR process,giving their time,contributing data and provid
42、ing comment in the peer review process.The result of this collaboration is an annual publication that has established itself as the worlds most frequently referenced report on the global renewable energy market,industry and policy landscape.REN21 COMMUNITY7RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPORTThe yea
43、r 2015 was an extraordinary one for renewable energy.High-profile agreements were made by G7 and G20 governments to accelerate access to renewable energy and to advance energy efficiency.The United Nations General Assembly adopted a dedicated Sustainable Development Goal on Sustainable Energy for Al
44、l(SDG 7).Despite a dramatic decline in global fossil fuel prices,the world saw the largest global capacity additions from renewables to date.However,continuing fossil fuel subsidies and low fossil fuel prices did slow growth in the heating and cooling sector,in particular.Precedent-setting commitmen
45、ts to renewable energy were made by regional,state and local governments as well as by the private sector.Global investment in renewables reached a new high,with investment in developing countries surpassing that of industrialised countries.The year culminated with the United Nations Framework Conve
46、ntion on Climate Changes(UNFCCC)21st Conference of the Parties(COP21)in Paris,where 195 countries agreed to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius.Renewables are now cost-competitive with fossil fuels in many markets and are established around the world as mainstream sources of energy.
47、Renewable power generating capacity saw its largest increase ever.Modern renewable heat capacity also continued to rise,and renewables use expanded in the transport sector.Distributed renewable energy is advancing rapidly to close the gap between the energy haves and have-nots.However,in order to in
48、crease energy access while at the same time meeting the target of limiting global temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius,remaining fossil fuel reserves will have to be kept in the ground,and both renewable energy and energy efficiency will have to be scaled up dramatically.Similar to the renewabl
49、e energy field itself,the Renewables Global Status Report is the sum of many parts.At its heart is a multi-stakeholder network that collectively shares its insight and knowledge.These experts engage in the GSR process,giving their time,contributing data and providing comment.Today the network stands
50、 at 700 renewable energy,energy access and energy efficiency experts.On behalf of the REN21 Secretariat,I would like to thank all those who have contributed to the successful production of this years report.These include primary lead author Janet L.Sawin,lead authoring team members Kristen M.Seyboth
