1、GLOBAL MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX 2019ILLUMINATING INEQUALITIESOPHIOxford Poverty&Human Development InitiativePrinted in the US,by the AGS,an RR Donnelley Company,on Forest Stewardship Council certified and elemental chlorine-free papers.Printed using vegetable-based ink.For a list of any errors
2、 and omissions found subsequent to printing,please visit http:/hdr.undp.org and https:/ophi.org.uk/multidimensional-poverty-index/.Copyright 2019By the United Nations Development Programme and Oxford Poverty and Human Development InitiativeThe team that created this report includes Sabina Alkire,Ped
3、ro Conceio,Ann Barham,Cecilia Caldern,Adriana Conconi,Jakob Dirksen,Fedora Carbajal Espinal,Maya Evans,Jon Hall,Admir Jahic,Usha Kanagaratnam,Maarit Kivilo,Milorad Kovacevic,Fanni Kovesdi,Corinne Mitchell,Ricardo Nogales,Christian Oldiges,Anna Ortubia,Mnica Pinilla-Roncancio,Carolina Rivera,Mara Emm
4、a Santos,Sophie Scharlin-Pettee,Suman Seth,Ana Vaz,Frank Vollmer and Claire Walkey.Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2019Illuminating InequalitiesEmpowered lives.Resilient nations.OPHIOxford Poverty&Human Development InitiativeContentsWhat is the global Multidimensional Poverty Index?1What can t
5、he global Multidimensional Poverty Index tell us about inequality?2Inequality between and within countries 4Children bear the greatest burden 6Inside the home:a spotlight on children in South Asia 7Leaving no one behind 9Case study:Ethiopia 11Inequality among multidimensionally poor people 13Multidi
6、mensional poverty and economic inequality 13The bottom 40percent:growing together?15Notes 17References 17How the global Multidimensional Poverty Index is calculated 18STATISTICAL TABLES1 Multidimensional Poverty Index:developing countries 202 Multidimensional Poverty Index:changes over time 22FIGURE
7、S1 Structure of the global Multidimensional Poverty Index 22 Both low-and middle-income countries have a wide range of multidimensional poverty 33 Going beyond averages shows great subnational disparities in Uganda 54 A higher proportion of children than of adults are multidimensionally poor,and the
8、 youngest children bear the greatest burden 65 Child-level data in the global Multidimensional Poverty Index 76 In South Asia the percentage of school-age children who are multidimensionally poor and out of school varies by country 87 Ethiopia,India and Peru significantly reduced deprivations in all
9、 10 indicators,each in different ways 98 Trends in poverty reduction in subnational regions for selected countries 109 Ethiopia has made substantial improvements in all Multidimensional Poverty Index indicators 1110 Deprivations among multidimensionally poor people in Ethiopia are particularly high
10、for standard of living indicators 1211 Inequality among multidimensionally poor people tends to increase with Multidimensional Poverty Index value,but there is wide variation across countries 1312 There is no correlation between economic inequality and Multidimensional Poverty Index value 1413 The i
11、ncidence of multidimensional poverty is strongly but imperfectly correlated with inequality in education.1514 Of eight selected countries with data,only Peru and Viet Nam saw higher growth in income or consumption per capita among the poorest 40percent than among the total population 1515 In all but
12、 one of the 10 selected countries the bottom 40percent are improving Multidimensional Poverty Index attainments faster than the total population 16ii|GLOBAL MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX 2019The global Multidimensional Poverty Index(MPI)compares acute multidimensional poverty for more than 100 coun
13、tries and 5.7 billion people and monitors changes over timeGlobal Multidimensional Poverty Index 2019 Illuminating inequalitiesWhat is the global Multidimensional Poverty Index?Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)1 aims to end poverty in all its forms and dimensions.1 Although often defined according t
14、o income,poverty can also be defined in terms of the deprivations people face in their daily lives.The global Multidimensional Poverty Index(MPI)is one tool for measuring progress against SDG 1.It compares acute multidimen-sional poverty for more than 100 countries and 5.7billion people and monitors
15、 changes over time.The global MPI scrutinizes a persons depri-vations across 10 indicators in health,educa-tion and standard of living(figure 1)and offers a high-resolution lens to identify both who is poor and how they are poor.It complements the international$1.90 a day poverty rate by showing the
16、 nature and extent of overlapping deprivations for each person.The 2019 update of the global MPI covers 101 countries31 low income,68 middle income and 2 high incomeand uses data from 50 Demographic and Health Surveys(DHS),42 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys(MICS),one DHS-MICS and eight national s
17、urveys that provide comparable information to DHS and MICS.2 Data are from 20072018,though 5.2billion of the 5.7billion people covered and 1.2bil-lion of the 1.3billion multidimensionally poor people identified are captured by surveys from 2013 or later.The global MPI is disaggregated by age group a
18、nd geographic area to show poverty patterns within countries.It is also broken down by indicator to highlight which dep-rivations characterize poverty and drive its reduction or increase.These analyses are vital for policymakers.The global MPI was developed in 2010 by the Oxford Poverty and Human De
19、velopment Initiative(OPHI)at the University of Oxford and the Human Development Report Office of the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP)for the flagship Human Development Report.The figures and analysis are updated at least once a year using newly re-leased data.See the back cover for more de
20、tails on the global MPI.Key findings Across 101 countries,1.3 billion peo-ple23.1percentare multidimensionally poor.3 Two-thirds of multidimensionally poor peo-ple live in middle-income countries(p.3).There is massive variation in multidimen-sional poverty within countries.For exam-ple,Ugandas natio
21、nal multidimensional poverty rate(55.1percent)is similar to the Sub-Saharan Africa average(57.5percent),but the incidence of multidimensional poverty in Ugandas provinces ranges from 6.0percent to 96.3percent,a range similar to that of national multidimen-sional poverty rates in Sub-Saharan Africa(6
22、.391.9percent).Half of the 1.3billion multidimensionally poor people are children under age18.A third are children under age10(p.6).This years spotlight on child poverty in South Asia reveals considerable diversity.While 10.7percent of South Asian girls are out of school and live in a multidimension
23、-ally poor household,that average hides vari-ation:in Afghanistan 44.0percent do(p.7).In South Asia 22.7percent of children under age5 experience intrahousehold inequality in deprivation in nutrition(where at least one child in the household is malnourished and at least one child in the household is
24、 not).In Pakistan over a third of children under age5 experience such intrahousehold inequality(p.8).Of 10 selected countries for which chang-es over time were analysed,India and Cambodia reduced their MPI values the fastestand they did not leave the poorest groups behind(p.9).Illuminating Inequalit
25、ies|1There is wide variation across countries in inequality among multidimensionally poor peoplethat is,in the intensity of poverty experienced by each poor person There is wide variation across countries in inequality among multidimensionally poor peoplethat is,in the intensity of poverty experienc
26、ed by each poor person.For exam-ple,Egypt and Paraguay have similar MPI values,but inequality among multidimen-sionally poor people is considerably higher in Paraguay(p.13).There is little or no association between eco-nomic inequality(measured using the Gini coefficient)and the MPI value(p.13).In t
27、he 10 selected countries for which chang-es over time were analysed,deprivations declined faster among the poorest 40percent of the population than among the total pop-ulation(p.15).What can the global Multidimensional Poverty Index tell us about inequality?The world is increasingly troubled by ineq
28、uali-ty.Citizens and politicians alike recognize the growing inequality in many societies and its po-tential influence on political stability,econom-ic growth,social cohesion and even happiness.But how is inequality linked to poverty?Poverty identifies people whose attainments place them at the bott
29、om of the distribution.Inequality considers the shape of the distri-bution:how far those at the bottom are from the highest treetops and what lies in between.Though inequality is complex,if the bottom of the distribution risesif the poorest improve the fastestone troubling aspect of inequality is ad
30、dressed.FIGURE 1Structure of the global Multidimensional Poverty IndexHealthEducationStandardof livingNutritionChild mortalityThree dimensions of povertyYears of schoolingSchool attendanceCooking fuelSanitationDrinking waterElectricityHousingAssetsSource:Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiati
31、ve 2018.2|GLOBAL MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX 2019Showcasing inequalities multidimensionally The SDGs call for disaggregated information in order to identify who is catching up and who is being left behind.To meet this need,the MPI has been disaggregated by 1,119 subnational regions as well as by
32、age and rural-urban area.This report uses that information to highlight gender and intrahousehold inequalities in South Asia and track whether countries that reduce multidimensional poverty are leaving no one behind.Beyond averagesLow-and middle-income countries have extensive subnational inequality
33、(figure 2).4 Of the 1.3billion multidimensionally poor people worldwide,886millionmore than two-thirds of themlive in middle-income countries:FIGURE 2Both low-and middle-income countries have a wide range of multidimensional poverty30405060700Intensity(percent)102030405060708090100Upper-middle-incom
34、e countries(94 million multidimensionally poor people)30405060700Intensity(percent)102030405060708090100Lower-middle-income countries(792 million multidimensionally poor people)30405060700Intensity(percent)102030405060708090100Incidence(percent)Low-income countries(440 million multidimensionally poo
35、r people)Note:Each bubble represents a subnational region;the size of the bubble reflects the number of multidimensionally poor people.The figure is based on 1,119 subnational regions in 83 countries plus national averages for 18 countries.Data are from surveys conducted between 2007 and 2018.Source
36、:Alkire,Kanagaratnam and Suppa(2019)based on Human Development Report Office and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative calculations.Illuminating Inequalities|3Across the 101 countries covered by the global MPI,23.1percent of people are multidimensionally poor,but the incidence of multidime
37、nsional poverty varies across developing regionsfrom 1.1percent in Europe and Central Asia to 57.5percent in Sub-Saharan Africa 94million multidimensionally poor people live in upper-middle-income countries,where the subnational incidence of multidi-mensional poverty ranges from 0percent to 69.9perc
38、ent.792 million multidimensionally poor live in lower-middle-income countries,where the subnational incidence of multi-dimensional poverty ranges from 0percent to 86.7percent.440million multidimensionally poor people live in low-income countries,where the sub-national incidence of multidimensional p
39、ov-erty ranges from 0.2percent to 99.4percent.This shows that the challenge of reducing multi dimensional poverty is not confined to low-income countries.Inequality between and within countriesThe global MPI highlights inequalities at the global,regional,national,subnational and even household level
40、.Each layer of analysis yields a new understanding of inequality and provides a far richer picture than the$1.90 a day poverty rate.Two examples illustrate how subnational disaggregations shine a light on inequality.Where multidimensionally poor people liveThe global MPI indicates that 1.3billion pe
41、o-ple live in multidimensional poverty.But where are they?Increasing levels of disaggregation can help locate them:Poorest two developing regions:Ranking developing regions by average MPI value re-veals that Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are the poorest(figure 3).Poorest 49 countries:Ranking cou
42、ntries by MPI value reveals that the poorest 49 coun-tries are home to as many multidimensionally poor people as Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.These 49 countries are spread across all developing regions except Europe and Central Asia.Poorest 675 subnational regions:Ranking subnational regions by
43、 MPI value reveals that the poorest 675 subnational regions,located in 65 countries in all developing regions except Europe and Central Asia,are home to as many poor people as Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia combined.5Without disaggregation,the striking inequality within countries is easily missed
44、.Disaggregation matters Across the 101 countries covered by the global MPI,23.1percent of people are multi-dimensionally poor,but the incidence of multidimensional poverty varies across devel-oping regionsfrom 1.1percent in Europe and Central Asia to 57.5percent in Sub-Saharan Africa.In Sub-Saharan
45、Africa the incidence varies across countriesfrom 6.3percent in South Africa to 91.9percent in South Sudan(see figure 3).And within countries the inci-dence varies across subnational regions.For instance,the incidence of multidimensional poverty in Uganda is 55.1percentsimilar to the Sub-Saharan Afri
46、ca average.But within Uganda the incidence ranges from 6.0percent in Kampala to 96.3percent in Karamojameaning that some regions of the country have an incidence similar to that of South Africa,while others have an incidence similar to that of South Sudan.Poverty is everywhereAction against poverty
47、is needed in all devel-oping regions.While Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are home to the largest proportions of multidimensionally poor people(84.5per-cent of all multidimensionally poor people live in the two regions),countries in other parts of the world also have a high incidence of multi-dim
48、ensional poverty:Sudan(52.3percent),Yemen(47.7percent),Timor-Leste(45.8per-cent)and Haiti(41.3percent).Stark inequalities across countries in the same developing regionIn Sub-Saharan Africa the incidence of multidimensional poverty is 91.9percent in South Sudan and 90.5percent in Niger but 14.9 perc
49、ent in Gabon and 6.3 percent in South Africa.In South Asia it is 55.9percent in Afghanistan but 0.8percent in the Maldives.In the Arab States it is 52.3percent in Sudan and 4|GLOBAL MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX 201947.7percent in Yemen but less than 1.0percent in Jordan.In Latin America it is 41.3
50、percent in Haiti but 0.6percent in Trinidad and Tobago.In East Asia and the Pacific it is 45.8percent in Timor-Leste but 3.9percent in China and 0.8percent in Thailand.In Europe and Central Asia it is 7.4percent in Tajikistan but 0.2per-cent in Armenia.What intensity addsThe MPI is the product of th
