1、MECHANISMS&MECHANICALDEVICES SOURCEBOOKThird EditionNEIL SCLATERNICHOLAS P.CHIRONIS McGraw-HillNew York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan SeoulSingapore Sydney TorontoSclater FM 5/3/01 9:50 AM Page iiiLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataScl
2、ater,Neil.Mechanisms and mechanical devices sourcebook/Neil Sclater,Nicholas P.Chironis.3rd ed.p.cm.Rev.ed of:Mechanisms&mechanical devices sourcebook/edited by Nicholas P.Chironis,Neil Sclater.2nd ed.1996.ISBN 0-07-136169-31.Mechanical movements.I.Chironis,Nicholas P.II.Mechanisms&mechanicaldevices
3、 sourcebook.III.Title.TJ181.S282001621.8dc212001030297Copyright 2001,1996,1991 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rightsreserved,Printed in the United States of America.Except as permitted under the UnitedStates Copyright Act of 1976,no part of this publication may be reproduced or distrib-uted in
4、 any form or by any means,or stored in a data base or retrieval system,withoutthe prior written permission of the publisher.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0KGP/KGP0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1ISBN 0-07-136169-3The sponsoring editor for this book was Larry S.Hager and the production supervisorwas Pamela A.Pelton.It was set in
5、Times Roman by TopDesk PublishersGroup.Printed and bound by Quebecor/Kingsport.McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums andsales promotions,or for use in corporate training programs.For more information,please write to the Director of Special Sales,Professiona
6、l Publishing,McGraw-Hill,Two Penn Plaza,New York,NY 10121-2298.Or contact your local bookstore.This book is printed on acid-free paper.Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.(“McGraw-Hill”)from sources believed to be reliable.However,neither McGraw-Hil1
7、nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of anyinformation published herein and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall beresponsible for any errors,omissions,or damages arising out of use of this informa-tion.This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and itsauth
8、ors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering orother professional services.If such services are required,the assistance of an appro-priate professional should be sought.Sclater FM 5/3/01 9:50 AM Page iv标准分享网 w w w.b z f x w.c o m 免费下载w w w.b z f x w.c o mNeil Sclater be
9、gan his career as an engineer in the military/aerospace industry and aBoston engineering consulting firm before changing his career path to writing and edit-ing on electronics and electromechanical subjects.He was a staff editor for engineeringpublications in electronic design,instrumentation,and pr
10、oduct engineering,includingMcGraw-Hills Product Engineering magazine,before starting his own business as aconsultant and contributing editor in technical communication.For the next 25 years,Mr.Sclater served a diversified list of industrial clients bywriting marketing studies,technical articles,broc
11、hures,and new product releases.During this period,he also directly served a wide list of publishers by writing hundredsof by-lined articles for many different magazines and newspapers on various topics inengineering and industrial marketing.Mr.Sclater holds degrees from Brown University and Northeas
12、tern University,andhe has completed graduate courses in industrial management.He is the author or coau-thor of seven books on engineering subjects;six of these were published by McGraw-Hills Professional Book Group.He previously revised and edited the Second Edition ofMechanisms and Mechanical Devic
13、es Sourcebook after the death of Mr.Chironis.The late Nicholas P.Chironis developed the concept for Mechanisms and MechanicalDevices Sourcebook,and was the author/editor of the First Edition.He was a mechani-cal engineer and consultant in industry before joining the staff of Product Engineeringmagaz
14、ine as its mechanical design editor.Later in his career,he was an editor for otherMcGraw-Hill engineering publications.He had previously been a mechanical engineerfor International Business Machines and Mergenthaler Linotype Corporation,and hewas an instructor in product design at the Cooper Union S
15、chool of Engineering in NewYork City.Mr.Chironis earned both his bachelors and masters degrees in mechanicalengineering from Polytechnic University,Brooklyn,NY.ABOUT THE EDITORSSclater FM 5/3/01 9:50 AM Page vw w w.b z f x w.c o mThis author gratefully acknowledges the permission granted by the publ
16、isher of NASATech Briefs(Associated Business Publications,New York,NY)for reprinting four of itsrecent articles.They were selected because of their potential applications beyondNASAs immediate objectives in space science and requirements for specialized equip-ment.The names of the scientist/inventor
17、s and the NASAfacilities where the work wasperformed have been included.For more information on those subjects,readers canwrite directly to the NASAcenters and request technical support packages(TSPs),orthey can contact the scientists directly through the NASA Tech Briefs Web site,.I also wish to th
18、ank the following companies and organizations for granting me per-mission to use selected copyrighted illustrations,sending me catalogs,and providingother valuable technical information,all useful in the preparation of this edition:Anorad Corporation,Hauppauge,NYBayside Motion Group,Port Washington,
19、NYBEI Industrial Encoder Division,Goleta CAFANUC Robotics North America,Inc.Rochester Hills,MIKollmorgen Motion Technologies Group,Radford,VALedex Actuation Products,TRW Control Systems,Vandalia OHSandia National Laboratories,Sandia Corporation,Albuquerque,NMSolidWorks Corporation,Concord,MAStratasy
20、s Inc.,Eden Prairie,MNThomson Industries,Inc.,Port Washington,NYxvACKNOWLEDGMENTSSclater FM 5/3/01 9:50 AM Page xv标准分享网 w w w.b z f x w.c o m 免费下载w w w.b z f x w.c o mPREFACExiiiACKNOWLEDGMENTSxvCHAPTER 1MOTION CONTROL SYSTEMS1Motion Control Systems Overview2Glossary of Motion Control Terms9High-Spe
21、ed Gearheads Improve Small Servo Performance10Modular Single-Axis Motion Systems12Mechanical Components Form Specialized Motion-Control Systems13Servomotors,Stepper Motors,and Actuators for Motion Control14Servosystem Feedback Sensors22Solenoids and Their Applications29CHAPTER 2ROBOT MECHANISMS33Ind
22、ustrial Robots34FANUC Robot Specifications38Mechanism for Planar Manipulation With Simplified Kinematics43Tool-Changing Mechanism for Robot44Piezoelectric Motor in Robot Finger Joint45Six-Degree-of-Freedom Parallel Minimanipulator46Self-Reconfigurable,Two-Arm Manipulator With Bracing47Improved Rolle
23、r and Gear Drives for Robots and Vehicles48All-Terrain Vehicle With Self-Righting and Pose Control49CHAPTER 3PARTS-HANDLING MECHANISMS51Mechanisms That Sort,Feed,or Weigh52Cutting Mechanisms56Flipping Mechanisms58Vibrating Mechanism58Seven Basic Parts Selectors59Eleven Parts-Handling Mechanisms60Sev
24、en Automatic-Feed Mechanisms62Seven Linkages for Transport Mechanisms65Conveyor Systems for Production Machines68Traversing Mechanisms for Winding Machines73Vacuum Pickup Positions Pills75Machine Applies Labels from Stacks or Rollers75High-Speed Machines for Adhesive Applications76Automatic Stopping
25、 Mechanisms for Faulty Machine Operation82Electrical Automatic Stopping Mechanisms88Automatic Safety Mechanisms for Operating Machines90CHAPTER 4RECIPROCATING AND GENERAL-PURPOSE MECHANISM93Gears and Eccentric Disk Combine in Quick Indexing94Timung Belts,Four-Bar Linkage Team Up for Smooth Indexing9
26、5Modified Ratchet Drive96Odd Shapes in Planetary Give Smooth Stop and Go97Cycloid Gear Mechanism Controls Stroke of Pump99Converting Rotary-to-Linear Motion100New Star Wheels Challenge Geneva Drives for Indexing100viiCONTENTSSclater FM 5/3/01 9:50 AM Page viiw w w.b z f x w.c o mGeneva Mechanisms103
27、Modified Geneva Drives106Indexing and Intermittent Mechanisms108Rotary-to-Reciprocating Motion and Dwell Mechanisms116Friction Devices for Intermittent Rotary Motion122No Teeth on These Ratchets124Cam-Controlled Planetary Gear System125CHAPTER 5SPECIAL-PURPOSE MECHANISMS127Nine Different Ball Slides
28、 for Linear Motion128Ball-Bearing Screws Convert Rotary to Linear Motion130Three-Point Gear/Leadscrew Positioning131Unique Linkage Produces Precise Straight-Line Motion132Twelve Expanding and Contracting Devices134Five Linkages for Straight-Line Motion136Linkage Ratios for Straight-Line Mechanisms13
29、8Linkages for Other Motions139Five Cardan-Gear Mechanisms140Ten Ways to Change Straight-Line Direction142Nine More Ways to Change Straight-Line Direction144Linkages for Accelerating and Decelerating Linear Strokes146Linkages for Multiplying Short Motions148Parallel-Link Mechanisms150Stroke Multiplie
30、r150Force and Stroke Multipliers152Stroke-Amplifying Mechanisms154Adjustable-Stroke Mechanisms155Adjustable-Output Mechanisms156Reversing Mechanisms158Computing Mechanisms159Eighteen Variations of Differential Linkage163Space Mechanisms165Seven Popular Types of Three-Dimensional Drives167Inchworm Ac
31、tuator172CHAPTER 6SPRING,BELLOW,FLEXURE,SCREW,AND BALL DEVICES173Flat Springs in Mechanisms174Pop-Up Springs Get New Backbone176Twelve Ways to Put Springs to Work177Overriding Spring Mechanisms for Low-Torque Drives179Spring Motors and Typical Associated Mechanisms181Flexures Accurately Support Pivo
32、ting Mechanisms and Instruments183Taut Bands and Leadscrew Provide Accurate Rotary Motion185Air Spring Mechanisms186Obtaining Variable Rates from Springs188Belleville Springs189Spring-Type Linkage for Vibration Control190Twenty Screw Devices191Ten Ways to Employ Screw Mechanisms194Seven Special Scre
33、w Arrangements195Fourteen Adjusting Devices196Linear Roller Bearings Are Suited for High-Load,Heavy-Duty Tasks197CHAPTER 7CAM,TOGGLE,CHAIN,AND BELT MECHANISMS199Cam Basics200Cam-Curve Generating Mechanisms201viiiSclater FM 5/3/01 9:50 AM Page viii标准分享网 w w w.b z f x w.c o m 免费下载w w w.b z f x w.c o m
34、Fifteen Ideas for Cam Mechanisms207Special-Function Cams209Cam Drives for Machine Tools210Toggle Linkage Applications in Different Mechanisms211Sixteen Latch,Toggle,and Trigger Devices213Six Snap-Action Mechanisms215Eight Snap-Action Devices217Applications of the Differential Winch to Control System
35、s219Six Applications for mechanical Power Amplifiers221Variable-Speed Belt and Chain Drives224Getting in Step With Hybrid Belts227Change Center Distance Without Affecting Speed Ratio231Motor Mount Pivots for Controlled Tension231Bushed Roller Chains and Their Adaptations232Six Ingenious Jobs for Rol
36、ler Chain234Six More Jobs for Roller Chain236Mechanisms for Reducing Pulsations in Chain Drives238Smoother Drive Without Gears240CHAPTER 8GEARED SYSTEMS AND VARIABLE-SPEED MECHANISMS241Gears and Gearing242Nutating-Plate Drive243Cone Drive Needs No Gears or Pulleys244Variable-Speed Mechanical Drives2
37、45Unidirectional Drive253More Variable-Speed Drives254Variable-Speed Friction Drives256Variable-Speed Drives and Transmissions258Precision Ball Bearings Replace Gears in Tiny Speed Reducers260Multifunction Flywheel Smoothes Friction in Tape Cassette Drive261Controlled Differential Drives262Twin-Moto
38、r Planetary Gears Provide Safety Plus Dual-Speed263Harmonic-Drive Speed Reducers263Flexible Face-Gears Make Efficient High-Reduction Drives266Compact Rotary Sequencer267Planetary Gear Systems268Noncircular Gears275Sheet-Metal Gears,Sprockets,Worms,and Ratchets279How to Prevent Reverse Rotation281Gea
39、r-Shift Arrangements282Shifting Mechanisms for Gears and Clutches284Fine-Focus Adjustments286Ratchet-Tooth Speed-Change Drive287Twinworm Gear Drive287Compliant Gearing for Redundant Torque Drive289Lighter,More-Efficient Helicopter Transmissions290Worm Gear With Hydrostatic Engagement290Straddle Desi
40、gn of Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gears292CHAPTER 9COUPLING,CLUTCHING,AND BRAKING DEVICES293Coupling of Parallel Shafts294Novel Linkage Couples Offset Shafts295Disk-and-Link Coupling Simplifies Transmissions296Interlocking Space-Frames Flex as They Transmit Shaft Torque297Off-Center Pins Cancel Misalign
41、ment of Shafts299Hinged Links and Torsion Bushings Give Drives a Soft Start300ixSclater FM 5/3/01 9:50 AM Page ixw w w.b z f x w.c o mUniversal Joint Relays Power 45 at Constant Speeds301Basic Mechanical Clutches302Spring-Wrapped Slip Clutches304Controlled-Slip Concept Adds New Uses for Spring Clutc
42、hes306Spring Bands Grip Tightly to Drive Overrunning Clutch307Slip and Bidirectional Clutches Combine to Control Torque308Walking Pressure Plate Delivers Constant Torque309Conical-Rotor Motor Provides Instant Clutching or Braking310Fast-Reversal Reel Drive310Seven Overrunning Clutches311Spring-Loade
43、d Pins aid Sprags in One-Way Clutch312Roller-Type Clutch312One-Way Output From Speed Reducers313Springs,Shuttle Pinion,and Sliding Ball Perform in One-Way Drives314Details of Overriding Clutches316Ten Ways to Apply Overrunning Clutches318Applications for Sprag-Type Clutches320Small Mechanical Clutch
44、es for Precise Service322Mechanisms for Station Clutches324Twelve Applications for Electromagnetic Clutches and Brakes326Trip Roller Clutch328Geared Electromechanical Rotary Joint329Ten Universal Shaft Couplings330Methods for Coupling Rotating Shafts332Linkages for Band Clutches and Brakes336Special
45、 Coupling Mechanisms337Link Coupling Mechanisms338CHAPTER 10 TORQUE-LIMITING,TENSIONING,AND GOVERNING DEVICES339Caliper Brakes Help Maintain Proper Tension in Press Feed340Sensors Aid Clutch/Brakes340Warning Device Prevents Overloading of Boom341Constant Watch on Cable Tension341Torque-Limiters Prot
46、ect Light-Duty Drives342Limiters Prevent Overloading343Seven Ways to Limit Shaft Rotation346Mechanical Systems for Controlling Tension and Speed348Drives for Controlling Tension352Switch Prevents Overloading of a Hoist355Mechanical,Geared,and Cammed Limit Switches356Limit Switches in Machinery358Aut
47、omatic Speed Governors362Centrifugal,Pneumatic,Hydraulic,and Electric Governors364Speed Control Devices for Mechanisms366Floating-Pinion Torque Splitter367CHAPTER 11 PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC MACHINE AND MECHANISM CONTROL369Designs and Operating Principles of Typical Pumps370Rotary-Pump Mechanisms374M
48、echanisms Actuated by Pneumatic or Hydraulic Cylinders376Foot-Controlled Braking System378Linkages Actuate Steering in a Tractor378Fifteen Jobs for Pneumatic Power379Ten Ways to Use Metal Diaphragms and Capsules380Differential Transformer Sensing Devices382High-Speed Counters384Designing With Perman
49、ent Magnets385xSclater FM 5/3/01 9:50 AM Page x标准分享网 w w w.b z f x w.c o m 免费下载w w w.b z f x w.c o mPermanent Magnet Mechanisms387Electrically Driven Hammer Mechanisms390Thermostatic Mechanisms392Temperature-Regulating Mechanisms396Photoelectric Controls398Liquid Level Indicators and Controllers400I
50、nstant Muscle With Pyrotechnic Power402CHAPTER 12 FASTENING,LATCHING,CLAMPING,AND CHUCKING DEVICES405Remotely Controlled Latch406Toggle Fastener Inserts,Locks,and Releases Easily407Grapple Frees Loads Automatically407Quick-Release Lock Pin Has a Ball Detent408Automatic Brake Locks Hoist When Driving
