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急性缺血性脑卒中血管内治疗后恶性脑水肿的影响因素.pdf

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1、山东第一医科大学(山东省医学科学院)学报 2023年9月第44卷第9期Journal of Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences,September 2023,Vol.44 No.9急性缺血性脑卒中血管内治疗后恶性脑水肿的影响因素沈艳平 李志超 赵彦新山东第一医科大学附属中心医院神经内科,山东 济南 250013摘要:急性缺血性脑卒中的致残、致死率高。当急性大血管闭塞引起脑梗死时,血管内治疗可以快速地开通闭塞血管,实现缺血组织再灌注,以及时挽救缺血半暗带,改善患者预后。但有部分患者会在血管内

2、治疗后发生恶性脑水肿,且死亡率高。为探讨急性缺血性脑卒中血管内治疗后恶性脑水肿的影响因素,本文从脑水肿的发病机制以及影像学标志物及时间窗、中性粒细胞计数、侧支循环、血糖水平、糖化血红蛋白、B型利钠肽对脑水肿的影响方面进行综述,探索脑水肿的早期临床干预方法,为临床治疗提供理论依据。关键词:急性缺血性脑卒中;血管内治疗;恶性脑水肿;影响因素doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0005.2023.09.012Influential factors of cerebral edema after intravascular treatment of acute ischemic strok

3、eSHEN Yanping,LI Zhichao,ZHAO YanxinDepartment of Neurology,Affiliated Central Hospital of Shandong First Medical University,Jinan 250013,ChinaAbstract:Acute ischemic stroke has high disability and lethality.When acute large blood vessel occlusion causes cerebral infarction,endovascular treatment ca

4、n quickly open the occluded vessels,realize ischemia tissue reperfusion,timely rescue ischemic penumbra,and improve the prognosis of patients.However,some patients still have malignant cerebral edema after endovascular treatment,and have a high mortality rate.To investigate the influencing factors o

5、f malignant cerebral edema after endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke,the pathogenesis of cerebral edema,the imaging markers and the effects of time window,neutrophil count,collateral circulation,blood glucose level,glycosylated hemoglobin and B-type natriuretic peptide on cerebral edema

6、are reviewed,and explores the early clinical intervention methods are explored to provide theoretical basis for clinical treatment.Key words:acute ischemic stroke;endovascular treatment;malignant brain edema;influencing factors急性缺血性脑卒中(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)是各种原因引起的脑部血流供应障碍,导致脑组织缺血、缺氧、坏死,从而引起局灶性

7、神经功能障碍,是脑卒中最常见的类型,约占全球脑卒中的71%1-2。临床上将直径 12.7%时,LVO-AIS 发 生 恶 性 脑 梗 死 的 可 能 性 更 大 22。Minnerup等 23 发现,NWU可准确地识别发病在4.5 h以内的AIS患者,并可指导对AIS发作时间不明确的患者进行溶栓治疗。研究发现,AIS 患者接受EVT后,NWU数值的降低和良好的静脉循环都与良好的功能结局相关24。但有研究显示,EVT后NWU的测量可能受到出血转化和造影剂残留的影响,术后24 h脑CT上的NWU与脑水肿的严重程度无关,也与功能预后无关,相比之下,中线移位或rHV增加是EVT后患者脑水肿更好的标志2

8、5。3恶性脑水肿的影响因素AIS患者EVT后恶性脑水肿的影响因素复杂多样,探讨EVT后恶性脑水肿发生的危险因素有助于早期临床干预,改善患者临床结局。本文主要从以下5个方面进行综述。3.1时间窗尽快再通闭塞血管有助于挽救缺血半暗带、减轻脑水肿及获得良好功能预后。时间窗内(6 h 时,通过颅脑磁共振或自动灌注软件(rapid processing of perfusion and diffusion,RAPID)测量早期梗死体积和低灌注体积,在灌注成像表现良好的大血管闭塞性AIS患者中,卒中发作后624 h EVT比单纯内科治疗有更好的功能预后,EVT迎来了组织窗时代31-32。虽然早期实现血管再

9、通可恢复缺血区血流供应,但血管再通后可能会产生再灌注损伤,特别是再灌注性脑水肿,可能会使EVT后获益减少33。然而,缺血再灌注和脑水肿之间的关系尚存争议。对啮齿动物的研究表明,再灌注可以促进水肿的发展34-35;但另有研究表明,成功的再灌注可能会减轻水肿36-37;但是,持续的血管闭塞发生恶性水肿的风险更高38。697山东第一医科大学(山东省医学科学院)学报 2023年9月第44卷第9期Journal of Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences,September 2023,Vol.44 N

10、o.93.2中性粒细胞计数预测脑水肿中性粒细胞计数升高与AIS脑水肿、不良预后相关。中性粒细胞在脑组织损伤中起到促进炎症反应的作用,且梗死区的中性粒细胞会明显堵塞微血管网,减少微血管的脑血流量,加重组织损伤39。中性粒细胞的产物包括活性氧化物、蛋白酶(基质蛋白酶3、弹性蛋白酶)、脂质运载蛋白-2和中性粒细胞胞外陷阱,可直接降解血脑屏障中内皮细胞之间的连接蛋白,同时,中性粒细胞产生的白介素1b、白介素6和白介素8等细胞因子会促进炎症反应,对血脑屏障起到破坏性作用40-42。研究证明,中性粒细胞的髓过氧化物酶和中性粒细胞外陷阱可以直接导致神经元死亡,并最终导致脑梗塞面积扩大43。研究表明,中性粒细

11、胞计数的升高是代表急性基底动脉闭塞患者EVT后恶性小脑水肿和临床不良预后的一个强烈因素44。中性粒细胞是卒中后梗死区聚集最快的炎症细胞,但与大脑相比,小脑内皮细胞中膜整合蛋白、紧密连接蛋白等主要紧密连接成分表达水平较低,而血管细胞粘附分子-1(vascular cell adhesion molecule-1,VCAM-1)和胞间粘附分子(intercellular adhesion molecule,ICAM-1)表达增强,这使炎症细胞和血管之间的相互作用更强,导致小脑对中性粒细胞更敏感45。除了中性粒细胞计数,白细胞计数、中性粒细胞-淋巴细胞比率(neutrophil lymphocyte

12、 ratio,NLR)也会在 AIS 脑水肿患者中升高,且在患者入院后3 d达到峰值46。AIS患者再灌注治疗后,全身炎症增加与脑水肿严重程度有关,NLR是一种临床中容易获得的生物标志物,其在脑水肿中与中性粒细胞有一样的预测性能47。3.3侧支循环闭塞血管再通失败或侧支循环差,都会导致脑水肿和不良临床预后。脑水肿的形成不仅是细胞毒性脑水肿和血管源性水肿单方面作用,广泛的脑水肿形成本身也阻碍了大脑的微灌注。在LVO发生后,随着组织对水的摄取增多,脑水肿进一步加重,低灌注区的间质压力升高,使侧支小动脉和下游穿支小动脉的阻力增加,可能导致早期侧支循环衰竭48。尽管大血管再通成功,但间质压力升高、小血

13、管阻力增加、微灌注减少等相互作用,都可能随着时间的推移进一步加剧缺血性脑水肿的进展,并导致不良的结果。侧支循环不良可加速脑梗死进展,加重组织缺血缺氧、血管内皮损伤和血脑屏障破坏,导致脑水肿的发生49。尽管AIS患者术前ASPECTS 5,但良好的侧支状态可以减轻脑水肿,改善预后50。3.4 血 糖 水 平 与 糖 化 血 红 蛋 白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)血糖水平升高与AIS不良的临床结果有关。一项荟萃分析发现,较高的入院血糖水平与不良的功能结局相关,具体机制尚不确定,有可能与血脑屏障通透性改变或缺血组织中乳酸生成增加有关51。研究表明,高血糖加速了缺血半

14、暗带向梗死的转变,并导致更大的梗死52。抑制血管扩张是高血糖降低脑血流量的重要机制。血管舒张主要由内皮源性NO介导,内皮源性NO又由一氧化氮合酶合成,而高血糖水平可以通过激活蛋白激酶C降低一氧化氮合成酶3基因的表达,进而减少内皮源性NO的合成,使血管舒张功能下降53。高血糖通过蛋白激酶 C 介导的途径增加活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的产生,增加氧化应激,破坏细胞蛋白质、脂质和DNA等多种细胞成分,导致神经元死亡,从而导致血脑屏障功能受损,以及水肿形成和梗死面积增加53。入院时血糖水平升高(140 mg/dL)与早期脑水肿增加和侧支循环状态介导的不良临床结局相

15、关54-56,血糖水平每增加10 mg/dL,EVT后患者90 d的总体良好预后率会降低5%,尤其在有良好侧支循环的患者中降低更显著57。有良好侧支循环且血糖水平升高的AIS患者可能受益于血糖水平的降低,而对于没有良好侧支循环的AIS患者,相对于降低血糖水平可能更受益于格列本脲等抗水肿药物的使用。既往有研究显示,选择性抑制恶性脑水肿大鼠的磺酰脲受体1-瞬时受体电位离子通道蛋白4(sulfonylurea receptor 1-transient receptor potential melastatin 4,Sur1-Trpm4)可明显减轻脑水肿及降低死亡率58。格列本脲是Sur1-Trpm4

16、的抑制剂,在Sheth等59-60的GAMES-RP研究中,虽然没有发现连续静脉使用格列本脲能降低前循环大面积AIS患者在90 d时行去骨瓣减压术的比例,但连续静脉使用格列本脲可能会降低患者的死亡率、减轻脑水肿以及降低患者血浆中基质金属蛋白酶9的浓度,对于静脉注射格列本脲减轻脑水肿的安全性和有效性需要更多的临床试验支持。HbA1c反映前8 12周的平均血糖水平,是糖耐量受损和慢性高血糖的标志,有研究发现,EVT后 AIS 患者 HbA1c 水平升高与预后较差相关,HbA1c 每升高 10 mmol/L,颅内出血的几率增加33%,死 亡 率 增 加 26%,功 能 独 立 的 几 率 降 低69

17、8山东第一医科大学(山东省医学科学院)学报 2023年9月第44卷第9期Journal of Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences,September 2023,Vol.44 No.924%61。高HbA1c水平,特别是HbA1c 7.0%,是接受EVT的LVO-AIS患者(特别是再通患者)90 d预后不良的独立预测因子,并可能增加死亡和早期神经功能恶化的风险62。我国的一项多中心研究同样发现,高HbA1c水平(HbA1c 6.5%)是后循环LVO-AIS患者EVT后90 d不良预后和死亡率

18、的独立预测因素,尤其是在年龄 65岁的人群中63。这可能与长期高血糖状态导致血管壁变脆弱、血脑屏障被削弱,以及慢性胰岛素抵抗状态使NO合酶表达和内皮依赖性动脉扩张储备能力降低有关64-65。慢性高血糖对 AIS 患者 EVT 后的结果有影响,HbA1c有可能预测LVO-AIS患者EVT后不良结局和死亡率。3.5B 型利钠肽(B-type natriuretic peptide,BNP)水平除了心脏功能外,BNP本身可能在脑水肿中发挥关键作用。BNP通过促进炎症细胞的聚集、增加基质金属蛋白酶9的活性导致血脑屏障受损,增加微血管内皮细胞的通透性,将白蛋白从血管内间隙转移到间质间隙,进一步加重脑水肿

19、 66-67。有研究显示,BNP通过激活鸟苷酸环化酶-A受体发挥作用,导致细胞内第二信使环鸟苷一磷酸增加,而鸟苷酸环化酶-A可以诱导核因子-B激活并加剧心肌缺血/再灌注损伤 68。在短暂性脑缺血发作后最初几个小时内测定的血清NT-proBNP水平高于800 pg/mL与缺血性或出血性脑卒中风险增加有关69。同时有研究证明,NT-proBNP血清水平升高是AIS患者恶性脑水肿的独立危险因素70,也与AIS再灌注治疗后恶性水肿和死亡率相关71。BNP可能为脑水肿的治疗靶点,但导致AIS患者EVT后脑水肿的具体机制尚不明确,需要更多的研究支持。4总结与展望综上所述,AIS严重威胁着人类的身心健康及生

20、活水平,虽然EVT能使大血管闭塞性AIS患者获益,但血管再通后仍有部分患者会发生恶性脑水肿导致不良预后,减少恶性脑水肿的发生有助于改善患者的临床预后。时间窗、侧支循环是临床无法干预的,但有望通过降低中性粒细胞计数、血糖水平、HbA1c、BNP水平来减少恶性脑水肿的发生。有些影响因素导致脑水肿的机制尚不清楚,可能与缺血组织的再灌注损伤、炎症反应、血脑屏障破坏等有关,需要更多的研究来探讨。对于血糖水平 140 mg/dL且有良好侧支循环的AIS患者,可通过降低血糖水平来减少EVT后恶性脑水肿的发生,而侧支循环差的患者似乎更能通过使用格列本脲等抗水肿药物来减少脑水肿的发生,需更多的研究来证实格列本脲

21、在减少脑水肿方面的安全性和有效性。通过降低中性粒细胞计数、HbA1c、BNP水平来治疗脑水肿需更多的临床研究支持。EVT后恶性脑水肿的发生是多个影响因素共同参与的,应从多方面综合预防及治疗,需要寻找更安全、有效的抗脑水肿辅助治疗靶点,有助于早期临床干预,改善患者的临床结局。利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突参考文献:1Lindsay MP,Norrving B,Sacco RL,et al.World stroke organization(WSO):global stroke fact sheet 2019 J.Int J Stroke,2019,14(8):806.2Campbell

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