1、高考英语,新高考专用,第一部分词类专题一 名词,知识清单名词专讲考点一名词的分类,考点二可数名词及其单、复数可数名词指可以分为个体,且可直接用数进行计算的名词。绝大多数可数名词的复数形式通过在词尾加-s或-es来构成。一、规则变化,温馨提示1.stomachstomachs(胃)注意:词尾-ch发音为/k/。2.以-o结尾加-es的名词有:hero,tomato,potato。注意:以下以-o结尾的名词变复数加-s或-es都可以:mosquito蚊子;volcano火山。3.以-f结尾直接加-s的名词有:roof屋顶;chief首领;belief信仰;proof证据;chef厨师。,二、不规则
2、变化,温馨提示1.某些表示学科的名词,虽然以-s结尾,但并非复数形式。作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。如:maths数学,physics物理学,economics经济学。Physics is difficult for me.对于我来说物理很难。2.单复数同形的名词在使用时要注意其谓语动词的单复数形式变化。Every means has been tried.每种方法都试了。All means have been tried.所有的方法都试了。3.表示“某国人”的名词变复数的三种形式:“中日瑞”不变。词尾的-man变-men,如:FrenchmanFrenchmen;但“德国人(GermanG
3、ermans)”除外。,词尾直接加-s,如:AmericanAmericans。4.fish指鱼的种类时,复数形式为fishes;指鱼的条数时,单复数同形;指鱼肉时为不可数名词。chicken表示“鸡”时,为可数名词,表示“鸡肉”时,为不可数名词。,三、几类名词的数1.常以单数形式出现的集体名词family家庭/家人,class班级,audience观众,army军队,enemy敌人,group组,government政府,team队,crowd人群例句It was late;but the audience was increasing.天色已晚,但观众仍在增加。,温馨提示当这些名词指代一个
4、集体或机构时,谓语动词用单数形式;如果强调这个群体中所有成员时,谓语动词用复数形式。The audience are dressed in a variety of ways.观众们的穿着多种多样。,2.只有单数形式,并常与定冠词连用的集体名词the majority多数,the minority少数,the public公众例句The majority prefers/prefer TV to radio.大多数人喜欢看电视而不是听收音机。,3.由两部分构成的名词trousers裤子,shorts短裤,jeans牛仔裤,glasses眼镜,pants裤子,scissors剪刀例句I need
5、 a new pair of trousers for work.我需要一条上班穿的新裤子。温馨提示trousers,shorts等名词不能用基数词修饰,其前也不能加不定冠词a/an,但可以用a pair of,two pairs of,many等修饰。,4.表示复数概念的名词arms武器,goods商品,spirits情绪,stairs楼梯,wages工资,belongings财物,earnings收入,findings调查结果,leavings剩余物,savings存款,surroundings环境例句In Senior 3,everyone is in high spirits.在高三年
6、级,每个人都斗志昂扬。,四、复合名词的复数1.没有连字符,最后一个名词变复数。housewifehousewives家庭主妇2.组成复合名词的单词中没有名词,在最后加-s。grown-upgrown-ups成年人3.有连字符间隔,将复合名词中主要的名词变复数。passer-bypassers-by路人daughter-in-lawdaughters-in-law儿媳妇4.man,woman为复合名词的第一部分时,复合名词的各部分皆变为复数。a man cookmen cooks男厨师a woman teacherwomen teachers女教师,考点三不可数名词不可数名词不能用数计算,既没有
7、单复数变化也不能和a,an直接连用。不可数名词作主语时谓语动词要用单数形式。不可数名词主要包括物质名词和抽象名词,常考内容如下:1.“雷打不动”的不可数名词news新闻,information信息,work工作,advice建议,progress进步,weather天气,fun乐趣,equipment设备,jewellery珠宝,luck运气,music音乐,health健康,furniture家具例句We have so much bad luck.我们有太多的厄运。,I have good news to tell you.我有好消息告诉你。He made such rapid progr
8、ess.他进步如此快。2.同词不同义,不可数名词转化为可数名词glass玻璃a glass一个玻璃杯paper纸a paper一份论文/报纸/试卷例句She spent all the evening marking exam papers.她花了整个晚上阅卷。,3.抽象名词具体化honour 尊重an honour一件荣幸的事pleasure愉快a pleasure一件乐事success 成功a success一个成功的人或事物comfort 安慰a comfort一个令人感到安慰的人或事物surprise 惊讶a surprise一件令人惊奇的事例句I feel it a great ho
9、nour to stand here to deliver a speech.站在这里发表演讲我感到非常荣幸。Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in tough times.在困难时期能够买得起一杯饮料是一件令人感到欣慰的事。,考点四名词所有格所有格表示所有等关系,作定语。1.在名词词尾加-s构成所有格,温馨提示复合名词变复数未必是在最后一个词的词尾加-s或-es,但是复合名词的所有格都是在最后一个词的词尾加-s。,2.由“of+名词”构成所有格,3.双重所有格双重所有格中of短语所修饰的名词前通常有表示数量的限定词a,an,one
10、,two,some,several,a few,many,any,no等。例句Some friends of my brothers will join us.我哥哥的一些朋友将加入我们。,考点五名词(短语)的句法功能名词(短语)在句中可以作主语、宾语、补足语、表语、同位语、状语、定语等。1.作主语Honesty is the best policy.诚实为上。2.作宾语Teenagers today are facing lots of pressure.现在的青少年面临很多压力。You are supposed to focus your attention on your own stu
11、dies.你应当专注于自己的学业。,3.作补足语Were sparing no effort to make our country a developed country.我们正不遗余力地使我们的国家成为一个发达国家。Charlie Chaplin is considered a great actor.查理卓别林被认为是一名伟大的演员。4.作表语Water shortages are still the biggest problem in western China.用水短缺依然是中国西部最大的问题。,5.作同位语There is no cure for influenza,a comm
12、on disease.流行性感冒是一种常见的疾病,无特效药。6.作状语Come this way!到这里来!7.作定语In the south of China,there are many banana trees.在中国的南方有很多香蕉树。,单句填空名词专练1.The GPNPs main goal is to improve connectivity between separate(population)and homes of giant pandas.(2022新高考)2.Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road,in ord
13、er to promote en-vironmental(protect).(2022全国甲)3.China has a(responsible)to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.(2022全国乙)4.The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we(human)are.(2021新高考),5.Supposedly you can do it
14、 in two hours,but we stopped at the different gates and(watchtower)to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines.(2021全国甲)6.Historical(accurate)is important but so is entertainment.(2020新高考)7.The far side of the moon is of particular(interesting)to sci-entists b
15、ecause it has a lot of deep craters(环形山),more so than the familiar near side.(2020全国)8.Filled with(curious),the artist packed his bags and left.(2020全国),9.Now,lots of(country)and regions are taking action to ban the sale of such bags to stop people using them.(2020北京)10.Later,they learned to work wi
16、th the(season),planting at the right time and,in dry areas,making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.(2020浙江7月)11.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements,leading to a(be-lieve)that populations are increasing.(2019全
17、国)12.When they were free from work,they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting(compete)to watch,together with the story behind it.(2019全国),13.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the
18、risk of heart disease and early deaths from all(cause).(2018全国)14.This switch has decreased(pollute)in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.(2018全国)15.My name is Mireya Mayor.Im a(science)who studies an-imals such as apes and monkeys.(2018全国)答案petition13.c
19、auses14.pollution15.scientist,1.These little(baby)are harvested as eggs from their mothers killed near the shore where they nest.(2023届江西南昌零模)2.After graduating in 2013,Guri returned to her hometown and became one of her fathers(colleague).(2023届河北沧州摸底)3.Offering an almost simulated(模拟的)experience o
20、f climbing the Wall and helping with preservation work,the program has created many enthusi-astic(response)in recent weeks and won a large fan base.(2023届福建泉州9月质量监测一),4.The documentary film The Magical Craftsmanship of Suzhou was launched in Australia and New Zealand on July 31,2022.It gave the(loca
21、l)a close-up look at how ancient handicrafts continue to color modern Chinese life.(2023届福建漳州一检)5.Another 38.2 million yuan in fiscal budgets has been provided to support(company)technological innovation.(2023届江苏南京镇江八校联考)6.The Spring Equinox(春分)signals the equal(long)of the day and night time.(2022江
22、苏泰州二调)7.In addition,the taikonauts decorated the orbiting core module with red(lantern),Chinese knots and paper-cuts.(2022山西太原一模),8.It enables people to understand what ingredients are used in foods even in foreign(country)and to safely select meals.(2022湖南长沙一中月考七)9.The high cost of child-raising is
23、 one more(difficult)Chi-nese policymakers face while dealing with rapidly decreasing birth rates.(2022江西上饶六校联考二)10.After the Qin and Han dynasties,the main(shape)of fans were the square,round and hexagon(六边形).(2021福建泉州四校期中联考)11.A number of A-share listed(company)have reported the impact on the stock
24、(股票)exchange.(2021江苏无锡期中调研),12.“Paper-cutting is a(combine)of folk art and daily life,”said Wang,who graduated from Xinjiang Normal University.(2021江苏盐城期中调研)13.The purse contained many gold(coin)and a note from the king explaining that the gold was for the person who removed the stone from the roadw
25、ay.(2021江苏七市二模)14.Gans company has been a great success and she has received lots of awards for her(achieve).(2021广东深圳一调)15.So A.J.Troiano announced he would walk around his block five(time).(2021河南郑州示范性高中段考三),答案bination13.coins14.achievement(s)15.times,语篇填空名词专练Passage 1(2020新高考改编)Many people have t
26、he hobby of collecting things,e.g.stamps,postcards or antiques.In the 18th and 19th 1.(century),wealthy people travelled and collected plants,historical 2.(object)and works of art.They kept their collection at home until it got too big or until they died,and then it was given to a museum.The 80,000
27、objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane,for example,formed the core 3.(collect)of the British Museum that opened in 1759.The parts of a museum open to the public are called 4.(gallery)or rooms.Often,only a small part of a museums collection is on,display.Most of it is stored away or used for research.M
28、any 5.(museum)are lively places and they attract a lot of visitors.As well as looking at exhibits,visitors can play with computer simu-lations(模拟)and imagine themselves living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.At the Jorvik Centre in York,the citys Viking 6.(settle)is re
29、created,and people experience the 7.(sight),sounds and smells of the old town.Historical 8.(accurate)is important but so is entertainment.Museums must compete for peoples spare time and money with other 9.(amusement).Most museums also welcome school groups and arrange different special 10.(activity)
30、for children.,答案语篇解读 本文介绍了博物馆藏品的由来、藏品的展览方式以及博物馆给人们提供的各种体验。1.centuries2.objects3.collection4.galleries5.museums6.settle-ment7.sights8.accuracy9.amusements10.activities,Passage 2(2020全国改编)Decorating for Chinese New YearChinese New Year is a 1.(celebrate)marking the end of the winter season and the 2.(
31、begin)of spring.This is why deco-rating with plants,fruits and flowers carries special 3.(signifi-cant).They represent the earth coming back to life and best 4.(wish)for new beginnings.These are some of the most popular in many parts of the country:Oranges:Orange 5.(tree)are more than decoration;the
32、y are a symbol of good 6.(fortunate)and wealth.They make great gifts and you see them many 7.(time)decorated with red en-,velopes and messages of good fortune.Bamboo:Chinese love their“Lucky Bamboo”plants and you will see them often in their homes and 8.(company).Certainly dur-ing the holiday period
33、,this plant is a must.Bamboo plants are associated with health,abundance and a happy home.They are easy to care for and make great presents.Plum Blossoms(梅花):The beautiful long 9.(branch)covered with pink-colored buds(蓓蕾)make fantastic 10.(decorate).The plum trees are the first to flower even as the
34、 snow is melting(融化).They represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life.,答案语篇解读 春节标志着冬季的结束和春季的开始,因此春节期间用水果、植物、花朵装饰皆有特殊意义。panies9.branches10.decorations,Passage 3(2018浙江6月改编)Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook.Making Chinese 1.(dish)is seen as especially troublesome.Man
35、y 2.(westerner)who come to China cook much less than in their own countries in different 3.(part)of the world once they real-ize how cheap it can be to eat out.I still remember visiting a friend whod lived here for five 4.(year)and I was shocked when I learnt she hadnt cooked once in all that time.W
36、hile regularly eating out seems to have become common for many young people in recent years,its not without a cost.The obvious one is money;eat-ing out once or twice a week may be affordable but doing this most days,adds up.There could be an even higher cost on your health.5.(researcher)have found t
37、hat there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in 6.(weigh)prob-lems.If you are not going to suffer this problem,then I suggest that the next time you go to your 7.(mum)home for dinner,get a few cooking 8.(tip)from her.Cooking food can be 9.(fun-ny).You m
38、ight also begin to notice the 10.(affect)not only on your health but in your pocket.,答案语篇解读 来到中国的西方人和越来越多的年轻人几乎不自己做饭,他们这样做除了花钱多还会付出健康的代价。1.dishes2.Westerners/westerners3.parts4.years5.Researchers6.weight7.mums8.tips9.fun10.effects/effect,Passage 4(2021新高考适应卷改编)Like many other students,you may have v
39、arious people,including fam-ily 1.(member)and friends,giving input on your college 2.(decide).While many of your trusted 3.(relative)and peers may have very valuable 4.(advise)that can help you to make the deci-sion,finally the choice is yours and yours alone.Only you can fully realize which 5.(aspe
40、ct)of a college make you truly happy and satis-fied,so keep that at the front of your mind.Moreover,fully consider each option.It can be easy to let a particular school become a front-runner early on in your decision-making process,and it may,even become the winning 6.(choose)but be sure to carefull
41、y evaluate every school that has accepted you,since you had particular 7.(reason)for applying to each school.Do keep an open mind.Students can change 8.(major),but remember that theres no reliving a certain semester(学期),and theres no making up for lost time.Dont go to a school specifically for a high school relationship or to make someone else happy.A 9.(student)college experience is his or her own,and the student must put his or her 10.(educate)first.,答案语篇解读 选择大学需要自己做出决定,家人和朋友的建议仅供参考。1.members2.decision3.relatives4.advice5.aspects6.choice7.reasons8.majors9.students10.education,
