1、高考英语,新高考专用,第三部分句法专题七谓语动词的时态和被动语态,知识清单谓语动词的时态和被动语态专讲考点一谓语动词的时态,一、时态概述英语中动词的时态主要由动词的不同形式来表示。普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版2020年修订)要求学习和掌握的时态有10种。现以work为例展示这10种时态的形式:,二、一般现在时1.一般现在时的构成一般现在时主要由动词的原形表示,如果主语为第三人称单数,则一般在动词原形后加-s或-es,其变化规则如下表所示:,2.一般现在时的用法1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。例句I leave home for school at 7 every morning
2、.我每天早上七点从家出发去学校。Do you go to football matches very often?你常去看足球赛吗?One of the machines is out of order.有一台机器出了毛病。,温馨提示常与一般现在时连用的状语有often,always,usually,sometimes,every day,occasionally,never,seldom,generally,rarely,once a week,at week-ends,on Sundays等。2)表示现在的特征、能力、性格等。例句This job calls for great patie
3、nce.这份工作需要极大的耐心。We are very busy these days.这些天我们很忙。,3)表示客观事实、普遍真理或格言等。例句Light travels faster than sound.光比声音传播得快。Magellan proved that the earth is round.麦哲伦证实地球是圆的。4)表示将来。在时间状语从句、条件状语从句或让步状语从句中。例句Even if we achieve great success in our studies,we will not be conceited.即使我们在学习上取得很大成功,我们也不会自大的。(让步状语从
4、句),按时间表将要发生的动作或事先安排好的动作。例句The train arrives at 10:30.火车十点半到达。5)用于图片说明、电影说明、戏剧内容及场景解说等。例句Jack passes the ball to John and John catches it.He jumps and casts it into the basket.杰克把球传给约翰。约翰接过球,跳起来把球投进篮筐里。,三、一般过去时1.一般过去时的构成一般过去时由动词的过去式表示。其规则动词变化方法如下:,2.一般过去时的用法1)表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常常与yesterday,two days
5、 ago,in 1990等表示过去的时间状语连用。例句CCTV-5 broadcast the football match last night.昨天晚上中央电视台体育频道播放了这场足球赛。2)表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常常与always,often等表示频率的时间状语连用。例句When I was a child,I often played football in the street.当我是个孩子的时候,我经常在街上踢足球。,3)在时间状语从句、条件状语从句或让步状语从句中,用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。例句She said she would come if I promise
6、d to wait for her.她说如果我答应等她,她会来的。4)“used to+动词原形”或“would+动词原形”也可表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,但两者的用法有所区别。例句I used to go out every night.我以前每晚都外出。(现在不再这样做了)We would stay up all night talking about our future.(那时候)我们常常彻夜谈论我们的将来。(今后有可能再发生),四、一般将来时1.一般将来时的基本形式及用法一般将来时由“will/shall+动词原形”构成,表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反
7、复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如tomorrow,next year,in the future等。例句The company will launch a new version of the software in July.该公司将在七月份发行软件的新版本。,2.表示将来意义的其他方式1)be going to do表示现在打算做的事或有迹象表明最近要发生的事。例句They are going to hold a meeting to discuss our research project.他们打算开个会来讨论我们的研究计划。It looks as if the weathe
8、r is going to turn nasty.好像要变天了。(有迹象表明会发生),2)be doing可用来表示计划、安排好要采取的动作或要做的事情,常与表将来的时间状语连用。例句Were leaving early tomorrow morning.我们明天一早就出发。3)一般现在时可以表示按规定、计划或时间表要发生的事;在条件、时间、让步状语从句中可用一般现在时表将来。例句According to the timetable,we have no classes tomorrow.根据时间安排,明天我们不上课。Ill write to her when I have time.我有空会
9、给她写信。,4)be about to do表示客观上马上要发生的事,一般不与具体的时间状语连用,可与when连用。例句Im not about to stop when Im so close to success.成功离我如此近,我不打算停下来。5)be to do sth.表示安排好或要求做的事。例句She is to be married next month.她定于下月结婚。,五、现在进行时1.现在进行时的构成be(am/is/are)+动词-ing。动词-ing的变化规则如下:,2.现在进行时的用法1)表示现在正在进行的动作和发生的事,常与now,at this moment,at
10、 pre-sent等连用。例句Im waiting to have a word with you.我在等着和你说句话。2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作。例句They are revising the laws to protect the rights of women and children.他们正在修订法律以保护妇女和儿童的权利。,3)用来强调某个反复重复的动作,常与always,constantly,continually,forev-er等副词连用,表达说话者对主语行为的生气、赞扬、同情、不满、好奇等感情。例句Maria is always thinking of others ins
11、tead of herself.玛丽亚总为别人而不为自己着想。(赞美)4)表示按计划或安排要发生的事。例句The train is arriving soon.火车就要到了。,一般不能用于进行时态的动词存在状态类:be,exist,remain,stay等感情类:like,love,hate,prefer等感觉、感知类:hear,see,smell,taste等从属与占有类:belong(to),contain,have等思考、理解等心理活动类:believe,doubt,forget,know等,六、过去进行时1.过去进行时的构成:was/were+动词-ing。2.过去进行时的用法1)表示
12、过去某一时刻或某一时间段内正在发生的动作。例句We were discussing the plan at this time yesterday.昨天这时候我们正在讨论这个计划。,温馨提示常与过去进行时连用的时间状语有at that time,at that moment,at this time yesterday,at ten oclock yesterday等2)用来描写故事发生的背景或提供故事发生的时间背景。例句It was a dark night.The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily.A young
13、woman suddenly appeared on the riverside.那是一个漆黑的夜晚,狂风大作,大雨倾盆,一位年轻的女士突然出现在河岸上。3)表达褒贬等感情色彩:过去进行时可以和always,constantly,continually,forever等连用,表示说话人的主观感情,如赞扬、不满、厌烦等。例句He was forever complaining about something.他老是怨这怨那。,七、现在完成时1.现在完成时的构成:have/has+过去分词。2.现在完成时的用法1)表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。例句I have finished
14、 all my homework(so far).(到目前为止)我已完成所有作业。2)表示从过去某时开始延续至今的动作或状态。例句In the past few years,an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend.在过去的几年里,越来越多的人和组织开始提出遏制这一趋势的计划。,温馨提示常与现在完成时连用的状语有already,yet,recently,lately,never,ever,before,since then,ever
15、 since,for a long time,in the past/last few years,up to now,so far等。3)用在固定句型中。在“This/It is the first/second/.time+that从句”中,that从句用现在完成时。例句Its the first time that the boy has spoken to a foreigner.这是这个男孩第一次同外国人说话。,在“It is/has been+时间段+since从句”中,since从句用一般过去时。例句It is/has been two years and a half sinc
16、e we began to study in our school.我们在本校已经学习了两年半。,八、过去将来时1.过去将来时的构成:should/would+动词原形。2.过去将来时的用法表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。例句I asked if he would come and fix my TV set.我问他是否能来安装我的电视机。,3.表示过去将来的其他方式1)was/were going to do表示过去打算或计划将要做某事。例句He said he was going to live in the country when he retired.他说他打算退休后
17、住在乡村。2)was/were about to do结构指过去某时“即将”发生的动作。例句I was about to go out when a friend dropped in.我正要出去,这时一个朋友来访。,3)was/were doing多用于go,come,leave,arrive等瞬间性动词,表过去将要发生的情况。例句A lot of people were coming to watch the fireworks.许多人都会来看烟火表演。,九、将来进行时1.将来进行时的构成:will/shall+be+动词-ing。2.将来进行时的用法表示将来某时正在进行的动作,也可以表示
18、已计划好的事。例句This time tomorrow well be sitting in the cinema and watching a film.明天这个时候我们会坐在电影院看电影。,十、过去完成时1.过去完成时的构成:had+过去分词。2.过去完成时的用法1)表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作或存在的状态,即“过去的过去”。例句By the end of yesterday,we had received over 1,000 letters from all over the world.到昨天为止,我们已经收到了来自世界各地的1,000多封信。He had been il
19、l for a week when he was sent to the hospital.当他被送进医院就医时,已经病了一个星期了。,2)过去完成时的固定结构had hardly done.when.did.和no sooner had.done.than.did.表示“一就”;当hardly位于句首时,主句部分倒装。例句His sister had hardly heard the terrible news when she burst into tears.=Hard-ly had his sister heard the terrible news when she burst in
20、to tears.他的妹妹一听到这个骇人听闻的消息就放声大哭起来。,在“That/It was the first/second/.time+that从句”中,that从句用过去完成时。例句It was the first time that we had found common ground.那是我们头一回达成共识。在“It was/had been+时间段+since从句”中,从句用过去完成时。例句It was ten years since he had left Beijing.他离开北京已经十年了。温馨提示“by+过去的时间”意为“截止到过去的某个时间”,可与过去完成时态连用;“b
21、y+现在的时间”意为“截止到现在的某个时间”,可与现在完成时态连用。,十一、现在完成进行时1.现在完成进行时的构成:have/has+been+动词-ing。2.现在完成进行时的用法1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,这个动作现在仍在继续。例句It has been raining heavily all day.大雨下了一整天。,2)表示动作开始于过去某时,说话时刚刚结束。此时句中通常没有表示一段时间的时间状语。例句It has been raining,but it has stopped now.一直在下雨,但现在雨停下来了。You are out of breath.Have
22、you been running?你气喘吁吁的。你一直在跑步吗?3)表示一段时间里重复的动作。例句You have been saying that for years.这话你已经说了好几年了。,现在完成进行时和现在完成时的主要区别1.现在完成进行时强调动作的延续性;现在完成时强调某个刚刚完成的动作或过去的某个动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。He has cleaned the window.他把窗户擦干净了。(动作已完成)He has been cleaning the window.他一直在擦窗户。(动作不一定完成),2.一些静态动词往往用现在完成进行时,如lie,sit,wait,stan
23、d等。而一些状态动词、感官动词或情感动词如see,feel,know,love等,不可用于现在完成进行时,但可以用于现在完成时。Ive been waiting for you since morning.从早晨我一直等你。I have known her for a long time.我认识她很久了。,考点二被动语态英语动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。一、被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be+动词过去分词”构成。一般来说,只有及物动词才有被动语态。助动词be有人称、数、时态的变化。普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版2020
24、年修订)要求高中毕业生掌握以下七种时态的被动语态(以do为例):,温馨提示含有情态动词的被动语态结构:情态动词+be+过去分词。Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.必须保证每天八小时的睡眠。,二、使用被动语态的主要情况1.不知道或没必要指明动作的执行者时。例句A meeting will be held in the office at 8:00 am tomorrow.明天上午八点将在办公室召开一个会议。2.强调或突出动作的承受者时。例句The woman was taken to hospital.那位女士被送到了医院。,3.动
25、作的执行者被较长的修饰语修饰时。例句The idea was supported by those who wished to make much money.想挣许多钱的人支持那个想法。,三、主动与被动的转换一个句子宾语变主语的过程就是主动变被动的过程。1.主语+谓语+宾语被动句 2.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语被动句1)give,send,take,bring等常带有两个宾语,变为被动语态时,可将其中任何一个宾语改成主语,另一个保留不动。在这种转化过程中,如果直接宾语成为被动句的主语,被保留的间接宾语前通常加to。例句主动:The villagers gave the foreign g
26、uests a warm welcome.村民们给予了外国宾客热烈的欢迎。,被动1:The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the villagers.被动2:A warm welcome was given to the foreign guests by the villagers.2)buy,make,find,get等在被动语态中被保留的间接宾语前通常加for。此时for不可省略,而且在这种结构中,间接宾语不可作主语。例句主动:I bought my wife a dress.我给我妻子买了一件连衣裙。被动:A dress was
27、 bought for my wife by me.My wife was bought a dress by me.(),3.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补被动句1)该结构变为被动句时,主动句中的宾语变为主语,宾语补足语变为主语补足语,原主语常省略。例句We call this kind of flower carnation.我们称这种花为康乃馨。This kind of flower is called carnation(by us).2)带有形式宾语it的句子也可变成被动句。例句We consider it wrong to shout at children who make mistak
28、es.我们认为责骂犯错误的孩子是不对的。,It is considered wrong to shout at children who make mistakes(by us).3)省略to的不定式作宾语补足语在变为被动句时要加上to。例句I heard her move around in her upstairs room last night.昨晚我听到她在楼上的房间里走动。She was heard to move around in her upstairs room last night(by me).,四、被动语态与系表结构的区别1.被动语态表动作,系表结构表状态。例句The
29、window was broken by a little boy.窗户是被一个小男孩打破的。(窗户被打破)The window was broken.窗户破了。(窗户处于破损的状态),2.系表结构中过去分词可用very,quite,rather,too,so,more,most等词修饰,被动结构中过去分词可用greatly,much等词修饰。例句Im quite satisfied with your work.我对你的工作相当满意。We were greatly moved by what the little boy did.我们被那个小男孩的行为极大地感动了。,单句填空谓语动词的时态和
30、被动语态专练1.The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that(be)previously unprotected.(2022新高考)2.The GPNP(design)to reflect the guiding principle of“pro-tecting the authenticity(原真性)and integrity of natural ecosystems.”.(2022新高考)3.In the last five years,Cao(walk)through 34 countrie
31、s in six continents.(2022全国甲)4.To celebrate the festival,a number of events took place.The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society(address)the opening,ceremony.(2022全国乙)5.Travelling to conferences,lectures,workshops,and the likefrequently by plane(view)as important for scientists to get toge
32、ther and exchange information.(2022浙江1月)6.But Cobb and others(be)now questioning that ideapush-ing conferences to provide more chances to participate remotely and chang-ing their personal behavior to do their part in dealing with the climate change crisis.(2022浙江1月)7.You cant help wondering how hard
33、 it(be)for the people then to put all those rocks into place.(2021新高考)8.The Xian City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China,s long history.It(build)originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored(修复).(2021全国甲)9.We(hire)our bikes from the
34、rental place at the South Gate.My bike was old and shaky but did the job.(2021全国甲)10.It doesnt impress like George Washingtons plantation on the Potomac,but Lincolns home in downtown Springfield,Illinois,(prove)irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.(2021浙江6月)11.After Lincoln was ele
35、cted President of the US in 1861,they rented the house and(sell)most of their furniture.(2021浙江6月)12.The little home(paint)white.It was sweet and fresh.Mary loved it.(2021浙江6月),13.The unmanned Change-4 probe(探测器)the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess(touch)down last week in the Sou
36、th Pole-Aitken basin.(2020全国)14.“This really excites scientists,”Carle Pieters,a scientist at Brown Uni-versity,says,“because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon(construct).”(2020全国)15.Chinese New Year is a celebration marking the end of the winter season and the beg
37、inning of spring.This is why decorating with plants,fruits and flowers(carry)special significance.(2020全国)16.The artist was sure he would(choose),but when he pre-sented his masterpiece to the emperors chief minister,the old man laughed.,(2020全国)17.When he asked the villagers on the banks of the rive
38、r where he could find the legendary(传奇的)artist,they smiled and(point)down the river.(2020全国)18.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut(report)in-creases in bear sightings around human settlements,leading to a belief that populations are increasing.(2019全国)19.Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”
39、award,proud Irene(declare)she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business.(2019全国),20.Our hosts shared many of their experiences and(recom-mend)wonderful places to eat,shop,and visit.(2019全国)21.On the last day of our week-long stay,we(invite)to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm o
40、n the North Shore under the stars,lis-tening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.(2019全国)22.On the first day of my first grade,I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach.I(voice)my biggest concern to my mother,“How will I make friends?”(2019北京)23.Does the name of the college you atte
41、nd really matter?Research on the question(suggest)that,for most students,it doesnt.(2019北京),24.The musician along with his band members(give)ten per-formances in the last three months.(2019江苏)25.A few months after he had arrived in China,Mr.Smith(fall)in love with the people and culture there.(2019江
42、苏)26.When every pupil in the school wears the uniform,nobody(have)to worry about fashion(时尚).(2019浙江6月)27.One study in America found that students grades(im-prove)a little after the school introduced uniforms.(2019浙江6月)28.While running regularly cant make you live forever,the review says it(be)more
43、effective at lengthening life than walking,cycling or swimming.(2018全国),29.Diets have changed in Chinaand so too has its top crop.Since 2011,the country(grow)more corn than rice.(2018全国)30.The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government(start)a soil-testing program tha
44、t gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmersand 2011,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.(2018全国)31.When the gorillas and I frightened each other,I was just glad to find them alive.True to a gorillas unaggressive nature,the huge animal(mean)me no real harm.(2018全国),答案1.were2.is desi
45、gned3.has walked4.addressed5.is viewed/has been viewed6.are7.was8.was built9.hired10.has proved/has proven11.sold12.was painted13.touched14.is constructed15.carries16.be chosen17.pointed18.have reported19.declared20.recommended21.were invited22.voiced23.suggests/suggested/has suggested24.has given25
46、.fell26.will have/has27.improved28.is29.has grown30.started31.meant,1.Originally,the game(create)to activate office atmosphere by Josh Wardle,a New York software engineer.(2022浙江杭州二模)2.The healing effect of the art(realize)when the arranger comes to terms with what they truly want.(2022江苏盐城三模)3.It(b
47、elieve)that if someone can make the egg stand,he will have good luck in the future.(2022江苏泰州二调)4.Since 2008,a boom in electric vehicle production(occur)due to the progress in batteries and energy management.(2022江苏考前冲刺一)5.Nowadays,electric cars(design)for the common people.(2022江苏考前冲刺一),6.Multiple t
48、asks(complete)by them over the past five months,including performing two spacewalks and a live science lecture.(2022山西太原一模)7.Last week,Hiroyuki Komatsu,a Google engineer,(submit)a proposal to add new icons to the standard emoji library which could help those with food allergies understand what they
49、are eating.(2022湖南长沙一中月考七)8.The high costs of raising a child(cause)officials to place restrictions on the private tutoring industry in the last few years.(2022江西上饶六校联考二)9.So far,Gutierrez(travel)to book fairs in Mexico and Chile to share his experience of starting a library.(2022浙江嘉兴二模),10.But the
50、challenges(outweigh)by the memorable experi-ences on her way.(2022广东广州一模)11.Another negative effect on the environment that can not(ignore)is caused by the chemicals used to make the clothes.(2022山西晋城二模)12.Years ago,people went to stores and(try)clothes on.(2022山西晋城二模)13.Inside the house,many of the
