1、怎样写好英语句子（一）- 51Test.NET 版权所有 请勿复制 -英文写作翻译我们在前面曾提过学生的作文主要有以下几个方面的问题：英文写作翻译51Test第一、英语底子太薄。英文写作翻译51Test第二、词汇量太小，且对已学词汇记忆不清。英文写作翻译51Test第三、表达思想不清楚。 下面我们以考生的实际作文来进行一下分析。英文写作翻译51Test1） Some one consider that fresh water will not touch its end.(96年1月，2分)英文写作翻译51Test2） One mans life lack of money, he will
2、impossible to live on. （95年1月，5分）英文写作翻译51Test3） As is know, that there are much fake commodities in todays society.(97年12月，6分)英文写作翻译51Test这里引述的例句与考生通篇作文的写作水平是一致的，其中5、6分的例句具有典型性，代表了近乎中等水平考生的写作水平。从这些例句中不难看出，中等水平的考生，事实上也包括中上等水平的考生，在写作上存在的主要问题是表达思想不清楚。英文写作翻译51Test表达思想不清楚的主要原因是考生作文中严重汉化的英语，即中式英语，比如： man
3、can live happiness， Man is iron, and food is steel., Women are half side sky.。此外，语言错误的普遍性和严重性十分惊人，比如，主谓不一致，名词单复数不分，动词时态语态滥用，常用词拼写错误比比皆是。这些严重地影响了思想的表达。考试实践表明，多数考生在写作上的主要欠缺不是系统的写作理论和方法，而是最基本的单句写作能力。 英文写作翻译51Test文章无论长短，都是由句子组成的，句子是表达思想的最基本的单位。因此，句子是否能写得正确、达意和清楚，将直接影响整篇文章的写作质量。大学英语四、六级考试和研究生入学英语考试的实践都表明
4、，考生写作成绩长期得不到明显提高的主要原因是欠缺写好单句的能力。英文写作翻译51Test为改变这种状况，我们将从剖析考生作文中的典型病句入手，对写作测试中的基本句子结构和写法进行评议和分析，来帮助考生进一步提高句子写作能力。英文写作翻译51Test否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词，be和have后面加not之外，还有许多不含not的否定结构。若能正确使用他们，文章会显得生动活泼，增加写作的闪光点。下面我们就来看看:英文写作翻译1 含有否定意义的词汇和短语英文写作翻译51Test以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否定的含义，因此无需用否定词。英文写作翻译51Test介词against, beyond,
5、but, except, without,.英文写作翻译51Test形容词和动词absent, deny, differ, different, fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to,英文写作翻译51Testreluctant, lack, want,.英文写作翻译51Test短语keep.from, protect.from, prevent.from, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead of, out英文写作翻译51Testof the question, rather than,
6、 too.to, by no means, anything but,.英文写作翻译51Test我们看以下例句：英文写作翻译51Test1） Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries.英文写作翻译51Test51Test 在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等的权利。英文写作翻译51Test2） This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis.英文写作翻译51Test51Test这不是解决能源危机的最好的办法。英文写作翻译51Test3） We s
7、hould protect trees from being destroyed.英文写作翻译51Test51Test我们应保护树木，不让它们受破坏。英文写作翻译51Test4） In old China we could not make a nail, let alone(make) machines.英文写作翻译51Test51Test在旧中国，我们连一个钉子都造不了，更不用说制造机器了。英文写作翻译2 含有半否定意义的词语英文写作翻译51Testbarely, hardly, few, little, rarely, scarcely, seldom, not all, not eve
8、ryone, not everything,.具英文写作翻译51Test有半否定的意义。例句：英文写作翻译51Test1） We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago.英文写作翻译51Test51Test几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜。英文写作翻译51Test2） These young people know little about how to choose good books to read.英文写作翻译51Test51Test这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀的书籍来
9、读。英文写作翻译3 不含否定意义的否定结构 英文写作翻译51Test有些词和词组形式上是否定结构，但其含义是肯定的，比如：cannot but, cant help,英文写作翻译51Testno sooner.than, not.until, in no time, none other than, nothing but,等等。例句：英文写作翻译51Test1） We cant but face the reality.英文写作翻译51Test51Test我们只有面对现实。英文写作翻译51Test2） These old buildings will be replaced by moder
10、n apartment buildings in no time.英文写作翻译51Test51Test这些旧建筑将很快为现代化的公寓所代替。英文写作翻译4 否定结构的倒装语序英文写作翻译51Test我们有时为了强调而把否定词和词组放在句首，这时句子结构应倒装。例如：英文写作翻译51Test1） On no account should we follow blindly.我们决不应当盲从。英文写作翻译51Test2） No where has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in our英文写作翻译51Test
11、51Testcountry.没有任何其他地方有我国这样高的学习热情。英文写作翻译五、 含有it的结构英文写作翻译考生病句：英文写作翻译51Test1. As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the英文写作翻译51Test51Test development of society.英文写作翻译51Test2. It is known to us, practice makes perfect.英文写作翻译正确表达：英文写作翻译51Test1. It is known to al
12、l of us that science and technology play an important role in the英文写作翻译51Test51Test development of society. (或:As is known to all of us, science.)英文写作翻译51Test2. It is known to us that practice makes perfect. (或:As is known to us, practice.)英文写作翻译评议与分析：英文写作翻译51Test例句1是93年12月六级考试11分作文的评分样卷句子，例句2选自97年1
13、月四级考试作文。很显然，两个考生混淆了it和as的用法。如果用it作形式主语，后面的主语从句必须由that引起；如果用as，则后面不能用that，因为as是关系代词，代表practice makes perfect。英文写作翻译51TestIt 在英语中是个相当活跃的代词，在写作中我们常要使用它。以下几种用法应熟练掌握，并能灵活运用。 英文写作翻译51Test1作形式主语英文写作翻译51TestIt is necessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully. It makes difference whether英文写作翻译51Te
14、st we could purify the air or not.英文写作翻译51Test2.作形式宾语英文写作翻译51TestWe find it rather difficult to prevent people from doing that. Modern science has made it英文写作翻译51Test possible for babies to grow healthily and for people to live longer.英文写作翻译51Test3.引导强调句英文写作翻译51TestIt is only by this way that we can
15、 achieve success. It was then that people began to realize英文写作翻译51Test the importance of controlling population.英文写作翻译51Test从语法结构来看，上述的句子都不难，或者可以说是考生相当熟悉的。然而在写作考试中，多数考生缺乏运用自己已掌握的句式的意识，而以自己头脑中拼凑的中式英语取而代之。其实，只要能恰当地运用上述的任何一个句式，考生的作文就会出现闪光点，就会取得比较好的成绩。 怎样写好英语段落（二）英文写作翻译段落发展的手段及结尾段的写法英文写作翻译51Test在上一讲我们讲了
16、主题句，推展句的写法；这一讲我们要进一步来谈一谈段落发展的几种手段以及结尾段的写法。英文写作翻译51Test段落发展的几种手段， 1 列举法(details)英文写作翻译51Test作者运用列举法，是通过列举一系列的论据对topic sentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。，51TestYesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didnt hear my alarm clock and
17、 arrived late for work. Then, I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry
18、 because I hadnt gone to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said Wet Paint and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand.英文写作翻译51Test根据本段主题句中的关键词组everything I did wen
19、t wrong，作者列举了8点内容，分别由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch time等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、脉络分明、内容连贯。英文写作翻译51Test常用于列举法的过渡连接词有：for one thing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another , still another, first, second, also等。，2. 举例法(example)英文写作翻译51Test作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的
20、一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。英文写作翻译51Test我们来看下面这个用举例法展开的段落。，51TestThere are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they c
21、an have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.，51Test本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中的关键词组different forms o
22、f exercises，这三个例子分别由连接词for example, for another example 和 besides引出，最后由引导的结尾句总结全段内容。英文写作翻译51Test举例法中常用的连接词有：for example (instance), one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等。，3. 叙述法(narration)英文写作翻译51Test叙述法发展段落主要是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用，有层次分步骤地表达主题句的一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落，作者能
23、够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末，从而可以使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含义，例如：，51TestIn the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at t
24、he scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.，51Test这段是按照事物发展的先后顺序，叙述从发现案情、报警、到警察赶到、包围现场的过程。全文脉络清晰，叙述的层次感强，结构紧凑。英文写作翻译51Test常用于叙述法中的过渡连接词有：first, an the beginning, to start with, after that, later
25、, then, afterwards, in the end, finally等。，4 对比法或比较法(comparison & contrast)英文写作翻译51Test将同类的事物按照某种特定的规则进行比较分析是一种常用的思维方法。通过对比，更容易阐述所述对象之间的异同和优缺点，例如： 英文写作翻译51TestThe heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. Its electronic circuits work a thousand times faster than the ni
26、cer cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute. 英文写作翻译51Test在这段文字上， 作者为了突出电子计算机运行速度之快，首先将它与人脑进行了比较， - a thousand times faster than - ;而后，又将这一概念具体到了 a problem上，通过对比使读者从 - a long time - in one minute上有更加直观的认识。英文写作翻译5
27、1Test常用于对本法或比较法上的过渡连接词有：than, compared with等。，5 分类法(classification)英文写作翻译51Test在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类，分别加以叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识，如： 英文写作翻译51TestEver since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings h
28、as been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole
29、 words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguis
30、tic language can be found in signal flags, Morse code, and picture signs. 英文写作翻译51Test在该段中为了说明topic sentence中的 various forms of communication，作者将其分为oral speech, sign language, body language及other forms of nonlinguistic language，并逐加阐述。英文写作翻译51Test采用这种方法的段落并没有标志突出的连接词，所述各项均为平行并列关系，所以没有明显的主次之分。，6的因果分析法
31、(cause and effect)英文写作翻译51Test在阐述某一现象的段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如： 英文写作翻译51TestThe role of women in todays society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason
32、 is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively. 英文写作翻译51Test本段中，主题句提出了一种社会现象，推展句则对产生这种现象的原因作出各种解释。 常用于因果分析法的连接词有：bec
33、ause, so, as a result等。，7 定义法(definition)英文写作翻译51Test在科普文章的写作中，定义法是必不可少的。通过下定义，可以使读者对该事物有一个更直接的认识。 英文写作翻译51TestAutomation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is design
34、ed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the Second Industrial Revolution. 英文写作翻译51Test这一段文字使我们了解了 automation 和 Second Industrial Revolution 两个概念，分别由 refers to 和 been called 引出。英文写作翻译51Test常出现在定义法中的词语有：re
35、fer to, mean, call等。，8. 重复法(repetition)英文写作翻译51Test句子的一部分反复出现在段落中，这就是重复法。它往往造成一种步步紧逼的气氛，使文章结构紧凑，有感染力。比如： 英文写作翻译51TestSince that time, which is far enough away from now, I have often thought that few people know what secrecy there is in the young, under terror. I was in mortal terror of the young man
36、 who wanted my heart and liver; I was in mortal terror of my interlocutor with the iron leg; I was in mortal terror of myself, from whom an awful promise had been extracted; - 英文写作翻译51Test该段中反复应用了I was in mortal terror of 我经常处于恐怖之中。英文写作翻译51Test以上， 我们结合具体文章讨论了展开段落的几种方法。在实际写作中，我们往往不必拘泥于一种写作方法，而是将若干方法穿
37、插在一起，使文章有声有色。，结尾段英文写作翻译51Test我们知道文章的开头很重要，因为好的开头可以吸引读者、抓住读者的注意力。同样，文章的结尾也很重要，好的结尾会使读者对全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象，可以增添文章的效果和说服力，让人深思，回味无穷。确切地说，结尾的作用就是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使读者加深印象；有时也用于展望未来，提出今后方向或令人深思的问题给读者留下回味和思考的余地。英文写作翻译51Test但是，如何才能写好英文短文的结尾呢? 下面就介绍几种写结尾段最常用的方法：，51Test1重复中心思想: 回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到再次肯定和强调的
38、效果。英文写作翻译51Test(例1)A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make it worth living.英文写作翻译51Test(例2)With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever.，51Test2作出结论: 文章最后用几句话概括全文内容，并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点
39、。英文写作翻译51Test(例1)In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.英文写作翻译51Test(例2)On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different p
40、eople may have different attitude toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it.，51Test3应用引语: 用格言、谚语或习语总结全文，既言简意赅又有更强的说服力。英文写作翻译51Test(例1)If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is th
41、e safest way to 英文写作翻译permanent success. Remember the famous saying. God helps those who help themselves.英文写作翻译51Test(例2)If we stick to studies day after day, there is nothing that cant be achieved. As an old saying goes: Constant dropping of water wears away a stone.，51Test4用反问结尾: 虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，
42、具有明显的强调作用，引起读者思考。英文写作翻译51Test(例1)Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication, why should we not develop this ability as far as possible? 英文写作翻译51Test(例2)So，what can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health?，51Test
43、5提出展望或期望: 表示对将来的展望或期待读者投入行动。英文写作翻译51Test(例1)I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world the language is sure to be spread world widely.英文写作翻译51Test(例2) If everyone has developed good manners,
44、 people will form a more harmonious relation. If everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics people will live in a better world. With the general mood of society improved, there will be a progress of civilization. 英文写作翻译51Test以上介绍了几种写结尾段最常用的方法，但到底选择何种方法结尾还得根据文体来决定。平铺直叙的记叙文，往往在故事或
45、事实情节讲完时文章也就自然结束了，而说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文都应有一个正式的结尾。希望以上介绍的几种方法能对大家写好结尾有所帮助。，51Test首先，一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想，该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题(stick or hold to the topic)，这就是段落的统一性(unity)。其次，一个段落必须有若干推展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者，一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子
46、的过渡必须流畅(smooth)，这就是连贯性(coherence)。下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。，1.的统一性英文写作翻译51Test一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例：英文写作翻译51TestJoe and I decided to take the long trip wed always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. B
47、ella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern
48、regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.英文写作翻译51Test本段的主题句是段首句，controlling idea（中心思想）是take the long trip across the country。文中出现两个irrelevant sentences，一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie，这一段是讲的是Joe and I，中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有，Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出irrelevant sentences（不相关语句）而丢分，值得引起注意。再看一个例子：英文写作翻译51TestMy name is Roseanna, and I like
