1、传重之制与尊尊之义:从宗统与君统看传统中国政治权力的伦理化摘要:中国传统支配类型之所以呈现出人伦化而非即事化的特点,是由传统支配的内在结构和伦理逻辑造成的。权力来源于“尊”,支配的达成本质上是一种“尊尊”。由“尊尊”之义而有宗法制度内的族权和宗法制度外的政权。权力的继替过程即是尊尊之统的确立过程,具体又分为君统与宗统两个部分。“传重”是权力继替的关键环节,目的就是确立尊尊之统的秩序。宗统继替坚持伦序不紊原则,君统继替体现伦理比附原则。宗统与君统的继替过程,充分体现了权力的伦理化特点。总体而言,由传重之制可见尊尊之义,政治根植于父子伦理,传统中国呈现出政治伦理化特点,是一个“家政治共同体”。关键
2、词:传重宗统君统父子政治伦理化The Succession of Chong and the Principle of Zunzun:TheEthicalization of Political Power in Traditional China from thePerspective of Clan Lineage and Monarch LineageWU LiucaiAbstract:The traditional Chinese domination type is characterized by a humanrelationship-basedrather than matte
3、r-of-fact based approach.This is because ofthe internal structure and ethical logic of traditional domination.Power comes from吴柳财传重之制与尊尊之义:从宗统与君统看传统中国政治权力的伦理化*作者:吴柳财 北京工业大学文法学部、北京社会管理研究基地(Author:WU Liucai,Facultyof Humanities and Social Sciences in Beijing University of Technology,and Beijing Social
4、Governance Research Center)E-mail:*本文是北京市社会科学基金青年项目“中国社会治理体系的礼治传统及其现代转化研究”(21SRC019)的阶段性成果。This paper is sponsored by the Youth Project of Beijing SocialSciences Fund“Research on the Rule of Li Tradition of Chinese Social Governance System and ItsModern Transformation”(21SRC019).本文初稿曾在“社会CJS 第 11 届社
5、会理论工作坊”上报告过,感谢与会专家的批评指正,特别感谢林鹄老师的悉心评议与赐教。周飞舟教授、陶楚歌博士对论文提供了诸多指点,谨致谢忱。匿名审稿专家给予了非常重要的建议,特此致谢。文责自负。社会20231CJS第 43 卷55DOI:10.15992/ki.31-1123/c.2023.01.003社会2023 1“zun”(尊 respect),and the essence of domination is a type of“zunzun”(尊尊).According to the meaning of“zunzun”(尊尊),there are clan power within th
6、epatriarchal system and monarchal power outside the patriarchal system.The processof power succession is the process of establishing the lineage of“zunzun”(尊尊),which is specifically divided into two parts:the monarch lineage and the clanlineage.Monarchy and patriarchy are different in terms of the s
7、pecific institutionallevel as the former refers to political power and the latter patriarchal power,butthey share the same set of ethical order based on father-son ethics.Specifically,the implementation of power succession depends on the system of succession ofchong(重)with the latter being the key l
8、ink for the purpose of establishing thelineage order of“zunzun”(尊尊).“Succession of chong(重)”has two meanings:one is to inherit and continue the spirit of the deceased ancestors,and the other isthe wife s-first-son succession rule in the patriarchal and feudal system.These twomeanings reveal the ethi
9、cal connotation of power.In this process,the primogenituresystem is the core of power succession and its legitimacy comes from the principleof“zunzun”(尊尊),reflecting the ultimate manifestation of the political destiny ofHeaven s Mandate and men s ethical virtues since the Zhou dynasty.Therefore,the
10、common law of the wife s-first-son succession embodies the ethical and moralcharacteristics of traditional power.In addition,the successionvariationof“weirenhou”(为人后,being-the-descendant)complements and maintains the ethicalfoundation of the traditional power succession.The succession of the clan li
11、neageadheres to the principle of generational order,while the succession of the monarchlineage embodies the principle of ethical analogy.In general,the traditional politicsis rooted in the father-son ethics.Traditional China presents the characteristics ofethicalization of political power and is a“f
12、amily-polity community”entity.Keywords:succession of chong(重),clan lineage,monarch lineage,father andson,ethicalization of politics一、问题的提出:“传重”与“尊尊之义”(一)传重与尊尊之义继承人应该是谁,即谁来承重,是历代丧服制服讨论中的关键议题之一。王安石(2005:161)在 议服札子 中提出“嫡子死,非传爵者,无众子乃可嫡孙承重”。1也就是说,王安石认为“承重”同“传爵”高度相关,1.“传重”与“承重”意思相同,前者是从传者角度说,后者是从继者角度说。56传
13、重之制与尊尊之义:从宗统与君统看传统中国政治权力的伦理化无传爵者不需要严格的嫡嫡相传,在嫡子去世的情况下,由众子传重即可;但如果是传爵者,虽有众子,也依然要由嫡孙承重。清人沈钦韩在为王文所作注疏中,对此做了详细解释:古者封建国邑而立宗子,故周礼嫡子死,虽有诸子,犹令嫡孙传重,所以一本统,明尊尊之义也。至于商礼则嫡子死,立众子,然后立孙。今既不立宗子,又未尝封建国邑,则嫡孙丧祖不宜纯用周礼。若嫡子死,无众子,然后嫡孙承重。即嫡孙传袭封爵者,虽有众子犹承重。(沈钦韩,王荆公文集注 卷二)如沈氏所言,周代分封建爵所以立宗子,确立由嫡长子继承是为了明确嫡嫡相传的统绪,这是所谓尊尊之义。如果并无建爵与世
14、爵之事,则无爵可传,这时候就不宜让嫡孙为祖父母承重。言外之义是庶人与不袭爵之士大夫,可以按人情之常理,由众子承重。王安石的议服涉及传统社会思想的一个核心命题,即尊尊。显然,在王安石看来,尊尊之义即是确立政治统绪,因此嫡嫡相传的“传重”本质是为了“一本统”,如此才能明确尊尊之义。王安石将封建爵位视为尊尊之义的内涵。只有有封爵者,才谈得上有宗子,进而才有嫡孙传重的问题。当时王安石主持变法,“嫡子死无众子然后嫡孙承重,袭封爵者,虽有众子尤犹承重”一条也在熙宁八年六月经礼房详定后被定为诏令(脱脱,1995:1857)。但如果详析,我们会发现,王安石对“传重”实质含义的理解是比较模糊的。也正是抓住了这一
15、点,时人苏颂撰写 议承重法 上呈皇帝,对王安石议服背后的义理做了反驳:今服祖重者而无所以为重之义,又无大夫庶人之别,是尊卑一统而贵贱同体也。欲乞特诏礼官博士参议礼律,若以无封爵者无传重之义,即乞别立服制;如在礼故合承重,亦乞参酌古今收族立祭之礼,立为宗子继祖,有以异于众子孙之法,及庶人与士大夫当与不当同,一律颁布天下使人知尊祖不违礼教,则州郡用法断于不疑也。(苏颂,苏魏公文集 卷十五)在苏颂看来,时人已经不明白“传重”或“承重”究竟是何义,他提出服“三年之重服”并不是“承重”,“承重”特指承宗庙。王安石认为,是否有宗庙同爵位等级相关,但是从现实情况看,像士、庶人这些爵位低甚至无爵位的人,他们是
16、否有承重之义呢?这一群体的承重之义如何着57社会2023 1落?在这个意义上,苏颂较王安石更进一步地揭示出“传重”的尊尊维度。也就是说,表面上看,传重的尊尊之义特指爵位,实际上尊尊之义更直接地就是指立宗庙,收族立祭,以存统嗣。这一点对于宋代以后思想家而言非常关键,因为宋代已无宗法,在宗族与祭祀方面,自程朱以来便进行了继承周礼精神而调和实际条件的诸多制度建设(林鹄,2015)。上文所引王、苏二人的讨论展现出“传重”相关的几个面向:第一,抽象地讲,“传重”是基于周代制度而产生的,有特定的封建宗法制背景,那么它在后世能否继续延续是一个问题;第二,解答这个问题的关键是理解传重所系的“尊尊之义”究竟是什么?这一内在制度精神是否可以脱离具体封建爵位的尊尊体系?第三,进一步说,“传重”在“尊尊之义”的维度上同时指涉了“封爵”和“宗庙”,实际上勾连起宗法与封建两维,从社会学的视角看,这为我们进行细致的社会结构分析提供了切入点。(二)传重的双层含义究竟何为“传重”?下文将通过对以 仪礼 礼记 为核心的礼学典籍的解读,揭示周代制度中“传重”的含义及其精神。仪礼丧服 斩衰章“父为长子”条记载:传曰:何以三年