1、2013年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of English微信公众号：顶尖考研(ID:djky66)Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA,B,C or D onANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)People are,on the whole,poor at considering background information when making individualdecisions.At f
2、irst glance this might seem like a strength that1the ability to make judgments which areunbiased by2factors.But Dr.Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big3wasleading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.4he theorised that a ju
3、dge5of appearing too soft6crime might be more likely to send someone toprison7he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on thatday.To8this idea,he turned to the university-admissions process.In theory,the9of an applicantshould not depend on the few others
4、 10 randomly for interview during the same day,but Dr.Simonsohnsuspected the truth was11He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews,12by 31 admissions officers.The interviewershad13applicants on a scale of one to five.This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration.Thescores were15used in conju
5、nction with an applicants score on the Graduate Management AdmissionTest,or GMAT,a standardized exam which is16out of 800 points,to make a decision on whether toaccept him or her.微信Dr.Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75points or more high
6、er than that of the one17that,then the score for the next applicant would18byan average of 0.075 points.This might sound small,but to19the effects of such a decrease a candidatewould need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been201.AgrantsBsubmitsCtransmitsDdelivers2.AminorBobjectiveCcruci
7、alDexternal3.AissueBvisionCpictureDmoment4.A For exampleBOn averageCIn principleD Above all5.AfondBfearfulC capableDthoughtless6.AinBonCtoDfor7.A ifBuntilC thoughDunless8.ApromoteBemphasizeCshareDtest9.AdecisionBqualityCstatusDsuccess10.AchosenBstudiedCfoundDidentified1Overdressed is the fashion wor
8、lds answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollans TheOmnivores Dilemma.Mass-produced clothing,like fast food,fills a hunger and need,yet is non-durable andwasteful,Cline argues.Americans,she finds,buy roughly 20 billion garments a year-about 64 items perperson-and no matter how much t
9、hey give away,this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed,Cline introduces her ideal,a Brooklyn woman named Sarah KateBeaumont,who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes-and beautifully.But as Cline is the first to note,it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft;her example cant
10、 be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and theenvironment-including H&M,with its green Conscious Collection line-Cline believes lasting changecan only be effected by the customer.She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sust
11、ainability,be it in food or in energy.Vanity is a constant;people will only start shopping more sustainably when theycant afford not to.21.Priestly criticizes her assistant for herA poor bargaining skillB insensitivity to fashionC obsession with high fashionD lack of imagination22.According to Cline
12、,mass-market labels urge consumers toA combat unnecessary wasteB shut out the feverish fashion worldC resist the influence of advertisementsD shop for their garments more frequently23.The word indictment(Line 2,Para.2)is closest in meaning to微信AaccusationBenthusiasmCindifferenceD tolerance24.Which o
13、f the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?A Vanity has more often been found in idealists.B The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.C People are more interested in unaffordable garments.D Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25.What is the subject of the text?A
14、Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.B Challenge to a high-fashion myth.C Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.D Exposure of a mass-market secret.3Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is,no one knows whichhalf.In the internet age,at least in theory,t
15、his fraction can be much reduced.By watching what people searchfor,click on and say online,companies can aim behavioural ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grainedinformation:Should advertisers assume that peopl
16、e are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads?Orshould they have explicit permission?In December 2010 Americas Federal Trade Commission(FTC)proposed adding a do not track(DNT)option to internet browsers,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.Microsofts Intern
17、et Explorer and Apples Safari both offer DNT;Googles Chrome is due to do so this year.InFebruary the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance(DAA)agreed that the industry would get crackingon responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row:It said that Internet Explorer 10,the versi
18、on due to appear withWindows 8,would have DNT as a default.Advertisers are horrified.Human nature being what it is,most people stick with default settings.Fewswitch DNT on now,but if tracking is off it will stay off.Bob Liodice,the chief executive of the Associationof Natural Advertisers,says consum
19、ers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about theirpreferences.People will not get fewer ads,he says.Theyl get less meaningful,less targeted ads.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stoptracking,although some compani
20、es have promised to do so.Unable to tell whether someone really objectsto behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsofts default,some may ignore a DNT signal andpress on anyway.微信公Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.After all,it has an ad business too,which it says willcomp
21、ly with DNT requests,though it is still working out how.If it is trying to upset Google,which reliesalmost wholly on advertising,it has chosen an indirect method:There is no guarantee that DNT by defaultwill become the norm.DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though thefi
22、rm has compared some of its other products favourably with Googles on that count before.Brendon Lynch,Microsofts chief privacy officer,blogged:we believe consumers should have more control.Could it reallybe that simple?26.It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that behavioural ads help advertisers toAease c
23、ompetition among themselvesB lower their operational costsC avoid complaints from consumersD provide better online services427.The industry(Line 5,Para.3)refers toAonline advertiserse aibaegolondool eshot to moulovo Initnsiog onTBe-commerce conductorsCdigital information analystsDinternet browser de
24、velopers28.Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default.Amay cut the number of junk adsBfails to affect the ad industry微信公众号：顶尖考研Cwill not benefit consumers（ID:djky66)Dgoes against human nature29.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?ADNT may not serve its intended purpose.d beu
25、gant sd o1 bsemr susto noieiv wo.18BAdvertisers are willing to implement DNT.5m01o85v1019i2b1oACDNT is losing its popularity among consumersn Isimslog lo seomwa oDAdvertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads.30.The authors attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one ofAindulgence
26、Bunderstandingnemnonivns otsCappreciationDskepticismText 3soisolonnut o eqoo8 s inil aglod A AlUp until a few decades ago,our visions of the future were largely-though by no means uniformly-glowingly positive.Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity,leading to lives of fulfillmenta
27、nd opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable,as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threatsfacing us,from asteroid strike to epidemic flu to climate change.You might even be tempted to assume thathumanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is mispl
28、aced.The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millionsof years-so why shouldnt we?Take a broader look at our speciesplace in the universe,and it becomesclear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens,if not hundreds,of thousands of years.Lookup Homo sapiens in the Red
29、Listof threatened species of the International Union for the Conservationof Nature(IUCN)and you will read:Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed,adaptable,currently increasing,and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.So what does our deep f
30、uture hold?A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinkingseriously about that question.For example,the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanicalclock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.5Perhaps willfully,it may be easier to think
31、 about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediatefuture.The potential evolution of todays technology,and its social consequences,is dazzlingly complicated,and its perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we canenvisage.Thats one reas
32、on why we have launched Arc,a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.Asso often,the past holds the key to the future:we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shapingthe history of
33、 the planet,and our species,to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which ourdeseendants will find themselves.Th perspith pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad.To be sure,the future is not all rosy:while our species may flourish,a great many individu
34、als may not.But weare now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans,and to improve the lot of those to come.31.Our vision of the future used to be inspired byou ysm TVO AAour desire for lives of fulfillmentBour faith in science and technologyCou
35、r awareness of potential risksDour belief in equal opportunity32.The IUCNsRed Listsuggests that human beings areAa sustained speciesBthe worlds dominant powerCa threat to the environmentDa misplaced race0192l0bA211052noaeiss1qqsO33.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?AArc helps l
36、imit the scope of futurological studies.BTechnology offers solutions to social problems.信公CThe interest in science fiction is on the rise.DOur immediate future is hard to conceive.Ha tot cinuhoggo bos34.To ensure the future of mankind,it is crucial toAexplore our planets abundant resources50115isb14
37、9019hu2bo96mo1,6g8a6Badopt an optimistic view of the worldo1 binol ool or sTt sinil cad timmurlCdraw on our experience from the pastbnooo lieaol on boosigaim ai aonimools dous luDcurb our ambition to reshape historyuo in ool iobsod s T w Iabluoda vtw oeto35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?0mi ansigse omoH.quAUncertainty about Our Futurees botei I:bes lliw uoy bne(MOUI)outsM 1oBEvolution of the Human SpeciesCThe Ever-bright Prospects of MankindDScience,Technology and HumanityBy o ebpeodf omi anhamdl o bongissb ai indi olo6
