1、绝密启用前英语（一）英语（一）（科目代码：201）考生注意事项1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂。5.
2、考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名2010 年全国硕士研究生招生考试Directions:Section I Use of English Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)In 1924 Americas National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of
3、 experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers productivity.Instead,the studies ended 2 giving their name to the Hawthorne effect,the extremely influential idea that the very 3 of being experimented upon c
4、hanged subjects behavior.The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant.According to _5_ of the experiments,their hourly output rose when lighting was increased,but also when it was dimmed.It did not _6_ what was done in the experiment;7 something was changed,productivity rose.A(
5、n)8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers behavior 10 itself.After several decades,the same data were 11 to econometric analysis.The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store.12 the descriptions on record,no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivi
6、ty were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretations of what happened.15 lighting was always changed on a Sunday.When work started again on Monday,output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise f
7、or the next couple of days.18 a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays.Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case,before 20 a plateau and then slackening off.This suggests that the alleged Hawthorne
8、effect is hard to pin down.-1-1.A affected2.A at3.A truth4.A controversial5.A requirements6.A conclude7.A as far as8.A awareness9.A suitable10.A about 11.A compared 12.A Contrary to 13.A evidence14.A disputable 15.A In contrast16.A duly 17.A failed 18.A Therefore 19.A attempted20.A breaking Part A D
9、irections:B achieved C extractedD restoredB upC withD offB sightC actD proofB perplexingC mischievousD ambiguousB explanationsC accountsD assessmentsB matterC indicateD workB for fear thatC in case thatD so long asB expectationC sentimentD illusionB excessiveC enoughD abundantB forC onD byB shownC s
10、ubjectedD conveyedB Consistent with C Parallel withD Peculiar toB guidanceC implicationD sourceB enlighteningC reliableD misleadingB For example C In consequence D As usualB accidentallyC unpredictably D suddenlyB ceasedC startedD continuedB FurthermoreC HoweverD MeanwhileB tendedC choseD intendedB
11、climbingC surpassingD hittingSection II Reading Comprehension Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)-2-Text 1 Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past qua
12、rter-century,perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most bigcity
13、 newspapers.Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circula
14、tion dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the tum of the 20th century and the eve of World War II,at a timewhen newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.In
15、those far-off days,it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.Theirs was a serious business,and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly,like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman,could be trusted to know wh
16、at they were about.These men believed in journalism as a calling,and were proud to be published in the daily press.So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,Newman wrote,that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by wri
17、ters who are not read to writers who are.Unfortunately,these critics are virtually forgotten.Neville Cardus,who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975,is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket.During his lifetime,though,he was also o
18、ne of Englands foremost classical-music critics,and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography(1947)became a best-seller.He was knighted in 1967,the first music critic to be so honored.Yet only one of his books is now in print,and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to special
19、ists.Is there any chance that Carduss criticism will enjoy a revival?The prospect seems remote.J oumalistic tastes had changed long before his death,and postmodem readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.Moreover,the amateur tradition in music criti
20、cism has been in headlong retreat.-3-21.It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 thatA arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.B English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.C high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.D young readers doubt the suitability of
21、criticism on dailies.22.Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized byA free themes.B casual style.C elaborate layout.D radical viewpoints.23.Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?AIt is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals.BIt is contempti
22、ble for writers to be journalists.C Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24.What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.B His reputation as a music critic
23、 has long been in dispute.C His style caters largely to modem specialists.D His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25.What would be the best title for the text?A Newspapers of the Good Old DaysB The Lost Horizon in NewspapersC Mournful Decline of JournalismD Prominent Critics in Memory-4-
24、Text2 Over the past decade,thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods.A received one for its one-click online payment system.Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nations top pa
25、tent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents,which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz,the U.S.Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to
26、 conduct a broad review of business-method patents.In re Bilski,as the case is known,is a very big deal,says Dennis D.Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law.It has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face,because
27、 it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case,approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings,initially by emerging Internet companies trying
28、 to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions.Later,more established companies raced to add such patents to their files,if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch.In 2005,IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 bus
29、iness-method patents,despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.Similarly,some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products,even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a
30、method for hedging risk in the energy market.The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges,rather than a typical panel of three,and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should reconsider its State Street Bank ruling.The F
31、ederal Circuits action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.Last April,for example,the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for inventions that are obvious.The judges on the Federal C
32、ircuit are reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,says Harold C.Wegner,a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.-5-26.Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because ofA their limited value to businesses.B their connection with asset al
33、location.C the possible restriction on their granting.D the controversy over their authorization.27.Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?A Its ruling complies with the court decisions.B It involves a very big business transaction.C It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.D It may c
34、hange the legal practices in the U.S.28.The word about-face(Line 1,Para.3)most probably meansA loss of goodwill.B increase of hostility.C change of attitude.D enhancement of dignity.29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patentsA are immune to legal challenges.B are often unne
35、cessarily issued.C lower the esteem for patent holders.D increase the incidence of risks.30.Which of the following would be the subject of the text?A A looming threat to business-method patents.B Protection for business-method patent holders.C A legal case regarding business-method patents.D A preva
36、iling trend against business-method patents.-6-Text3 In his book The Tipping Point,Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals,often called influentials,who are unusually informed,persuasive,or well connected.The ide
37、a is intuitively compelling,but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the two-step flow of communication:Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone e
38、lse.Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials,those select people will do most of the work for them.The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks,brands,or neighborhoods.In many suc
39、h cases,a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing,promoting,or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.In their recent work,however,some
40、 researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.In fact,they dont seem to be required at all.The researchers argument stems from a simple observation about social influence:With the exception of a few celebrities like O
41、prah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media,not interpersonal,influence-even the most influential members of a population simply dont interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who,according to the two-step-flow theory,are supposed to
42、 drive social epidemics,by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic to occur,however,each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs,and so on;and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has
43、little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant,for example,the cascade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people.Building on this basic truth about interpersonal influence,the researchers studied
44、the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations,manipulating a number of variables relating to peoples ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced.They found that the principal requirement for what is called global cascades-the wide
45、spread propagation of influence through networks-is the presence not of a few influentials but,rather,of a critical mass of easily influenced people.-7-31.By citing the book The Tipping Point,the author intends toA analyze the consequences of social epidemics.B discuss influentials function in sprea
46、ding ideas.C exemplify peoples intuitive response to social epidemics.D describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that the two-step-flow theoryA serves as a solution to marketing problems.B has helped explain certain prevalent trends.C has won support from influen
47、tials.D requires solid evidence for its validity.33.What the researchers have observed recently shows thatA the power of influence goes with social interactions.B interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media.C influentials have more channels to reach the public.D most celebrities enjoy wide
48、 media attention.34.The underlined phrase these people in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones whoA stay outside the network of social influence.B have little contact with the source of influence.C are influenced and then influence others.D are influenced by the initial influential.35.What is the essentia
49、l element in the dynamics of social influence?A The eagerness to be accepted.B The impulse to influence others.C The readiness to be influenced.D The inclination to rely on others.-8-Text4 Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public.Behind the scenes,they have been taking aim a
50、t someone else:the accounting standard-setters.Their rules,moan the banks,have forced them to report enormous losses,and its just not fair.These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay,not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately,ban
