1、 1 2011 年硕士研究生入学考试年硕士研究生入学考试 2011 英语二英语二 真题及参考答案真题及参考答案 Section I Use of English Directions：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered black and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users,a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech.
2、But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3?Last month,Howard Schmidt,the nations cyber-czar,offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place
3、-a“voluntary trusted identity”system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key,a fingerprint and a photo ID card,all rolled 6 one.The system might use a smart identity card,or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer.and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is t
4、o 8 a federation of private online identity systems.User could 9 which system to join,and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems.The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet drivers license 10 by the government.Google and Microso
5、ft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on”systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12.the approach would create a“walled garden”n cyberspace,with safe“neighborhoods”and bright“streetlights”to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr.Sc
6、hmidt described it as a“voluntary ecosystem”in which“individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still,the administrations plan has 16 privacy rights activists.So
7、me applaud the approach;others are concerned.It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet“drives license”mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts,who worry that the“voluntary ecosystem”envisioned by Mr
8、.Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves,in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1 A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden 2 A.for B.within C.while D.though 3 A.careless B.lawles
9、s C.pointless D.helpless 4 A.reason B.reminder C.compromise D.proposal 5 A.information B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent 6 A.by B.into C.from D.over 7 A.linked B.directed C.chained D.compared 8 A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve 9 A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize 10 A.relcased B.
10、issued C.distributed D.delivered 11 A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in 12 A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast 2 13 A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving D.competing 14 A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience 15 A.on B.after C.beyond D.across 16 A.divided B.disappointed C.protected
11、D.united 17 A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually 18 A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 19 A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible 20 A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forced Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four tex
12、ts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text 1 Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outside director in January 2000:a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed
13、both roles without attracting much eroticism.But by the end of 2009 Ms.Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldmans compensation committee;how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked?By February the next year Ms.Simmons had left the board.The position was just taking up
14、too much time,she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful,yet less biased,advisers on a firms board.Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executives proposals.If the sky,and the share price is fall
15、ing,outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004.Then they simply checked which directors stayed from o
16、ne proxy statement to the next.The most likely reason for departing a board was age,so the researchers concentrated on those“surprise”disappearances by directors under the age of 70.They fount that after a surprise departure,the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings
17、 increased by nearly 20%.The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases,and the stock is likely to perform worse.The effect tended to be larger for larger firms.Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive,it doe
18、s not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship.Often they“trade up.”Leaving riskier,smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news
19、 breaks,even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms.Simmons,once again very popular on campus.21
20、.According to Paragraph 1,Ms.Simmons was criticized for .3 Againing excessive profits Bfailing to fulfill her duty Crefusing to make compromises Dleaving the board in tough times 22.We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .Agenerous investors Bunbiased executives Cshare p
21、rice forecasters Dindependent advisers 23.According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside directors surprise departure,the firm is likely to .Abecome more stable Breport increased earnings Cdo less well in the stock market Dperform worse in lawsuits 24.It can be inferred from the
22、last paragraph that outside directors .Amay stay for the attractive offers from the firm Bhave often had records of wrongdoings in the firm Care accustomed to stress-free work in the firm Dwill decline incentives from the firm 25.The authors attitude toward the role of outside directors is .Apermiss
23、ive Bpositive Cscornful Dcritical Text 2 Whatever happened to the death of newspaper?A year ago the end seemed near.The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet.Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom.Ame
24、ricas Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers.Should they become charitable corporations?Should the state subsidize them?It will hold another meeting soon.But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Braz
25、ilian papers have shrugged off the recession.Even American newspapers,which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry,have not only survived but often returned to profit.Not the 20%profit margins that were routine a few years ago,but profit all the same.It has not been much fun.Many pape
26、rs stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard.The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007.Readers are paying more for slimmer products.Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs.Yet these desperate measures have proved the
27、 right ones and,sadly for many journalists,they can be pushed further.4 Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses,with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers.American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads.Fully 87%of their revenues came from advertisi
28、ng in 2008,according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation&Development(OECD).In Japan the proportion is 35%.Not surprisingly,Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspap
29、er are least distinctive.Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and general business reporters.Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off.Newspapers are less complete as a result.But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26.By saying“Newspapers like their own doom”(L
30、ines 3-4,Para.1),the author indicates that newspaper .Aneglected the sign of crisis Bfailed to get state subsidies Cwere not charitable corporations Dwere in a desperate situation 27.Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .Areaders threatened to pay less Bnewspapers wan
31、ted to reduce costs Cjournalists reported little about these areas Dsubscribers complained about slimmer products 28.Compared with their American counterparts,Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .Ahave more sources of revenue Bhave more balanced newsrooms Care less dependent on adv
32、ertising Dare less affected by readership 29.What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?ADistinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.BCompleteness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.CForeign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.
33、DReaders have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30.The most appropriate title for this text would be .AAmerican Newspapers:Struggling for Survival BAmerican Newspapers:Gone with the Wind CAmerican Newspapers:A Thriving Business DAmerican Newspapers:A Hopeless Story Text 3 We tend to think
34、of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth,with soldiers returning home by the millions,going off to college on the G.I.Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses,it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could tru
35、ly be more.During the Depression and the war,Americans had learned to live with less,and that 5 restraint,in combination with the postwar confidence in the future,made small,efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living.The phrase“l
36、ess is more”was actually first popularized by a German,the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,who like other people associated with the Bauhaus,a school of design,emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools.These designers came to exert enorm
37、ous influence on the course of American architecture,but none more so that Mies.Miess signature phrase means that less decoration,properly organized,has more impact that a lot.Elegance,he believed,did not derive from abundance.Like other modern architects,he employed metal,glass and laminated wood-m
38、aterials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future.Miess sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient,rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicagos Lake Shore Drive,for e
39、xample,were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the citys Gold Coast.But they were popular because of their airy glass walls,the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings details and proportions,the architectural equivalent of the a
40、bstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward“less”was not entirely foreign.In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The“Case Stud
41、y Houses”commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts&Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the“less is more”trend.Aesthetic effect came from the landscape,new materials and forthright detailing.In his Case Study House,Ralph everyday l
42、ife few American families acquired helicopters,though most eventually got clothes dryers but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31.The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans .Aprosperity and growth Befficiency and practicality
43、 Crestraint and confidence Dpride and faithfulness 32.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?AIt was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.BIts designing concept was affected by World War II.CMost American architects used to be associated with it.DIt had a great influenc
44、e upon American architecture.33.Mies held that elegance of architectural design .Awas related to large space Bwas identified with emptiness Cwas not reliant on abundant decoration Dwas not associated with efficiency 34.What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicagos Lake Shore Drive?AThey i
45、gnored details and proportions.6 BThey were built with materials popular at that time.CThey were more spacious than neighboring buildings.DThey shared some characteristics of abstract art.35.What can we learn about the design of the“Case Study House”?AMechanical devices were widely used.BNatural sce
46、nes were taken into consideration CDetails were sacrificed for the overall effect.DEco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4 Will the European Union make it?The question would have sounded strange not long ago.Now even the projects greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a“Bermuda triangl
47、e”of debt,population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems,the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core,the 16 countries that use the single currency.Markets have lost faith that the euro zones economies,weaker or stronger,will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sh
48、aring a single currency,which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europes single currency from disintegration is stuck.It is stuck because the euro zones dominant powers,France and Germany,agree on the need for greater harmonization within the e
49、uro zone,but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness,barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and
50、 even the suspension of a countrys voting rights in EU ministerial councils.It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club,among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour;in the inner core alone,Germany fears,a small majority f
