1、中图分类号:R743.34文章编号:10 0 6-351X(2 0 2 3)10-0 6 53-0 4文献识别码:A综述(收稿日期:2 0 2 3-0 2-2 0)653脑与神经疾病杂志2 0 2 3年第31卷第10 期40Mathew V,Gersh BJ,Williams BA,et al.Outcomes inpatients withdiabetes mellitus undergoing percutaneous coronary interventionin the current era:A report from the Prevention of REStenosis wit
2、hTranilast and its Outcomes(PRESTO)trialJ.Circulation,2004,109:476-480.41Yan L,Liu J,Chen Y,et al.The Relationship Between APOE genepolymorphism and in-stent restenosis after stenting at the beginningof the vertebral arteryJJ.World Neurosurg,2022,158:e277-e282.42Fan J,Watanabe T.Atherosclerosis:Know
3、n and unknownJ.PatholInt,2022,72(3):151-160.43Iakovou I,Schmidt T,Bonizzoni E,et al.Incidence,predictors,andoutcome of thrombosis after successful implantation of drug-elutingstentsJJ.JAMA,2005,293:2126-2130.44Ma G,Song L,Ma N,et al.Safety and efficacy of rapamycin-elutingvertebral stents in patient
4、s with symptomatic extracranial vertebralartery SstenosisJ.Front Neurol,2021,12:649426.Published 2021Nov26.45Mohammad RA,Goldberg T,Dorsch MP,et al.Antiplatelet therapyafter placement of a drug-eluting stent:a review of efficacy and safetystudiesJJ.Clin Ther,2010,32(14):2265-2281.46Topcuoglu MA,Arsa
5、va EM,Ay H.Antiplatelet resistance instrokeJJ.Expert Rev Neurother,2011,11(2):251-263.老年人眼底改变与脑小血管病的相关性贺沁飞贺一杰李泽杨柏楠吴云视网膜作为中枢神经的延续,其在解剖、功能、损伤反应以及免疫学方面表现出与神经系统相似的特征。如眼底有与血-脑脊液屏障(blood-cerebrospinal fluidbarrier,BC FB)结构相似的血视网膜屏障(bloodretinalbarrier,BR B)。BCFB的损伤发生发展较为隐匿,检测手段局限,因而视网膜组织结构改变的敏感性以及其观察的简便性使
6、其成为一个便利的研究工具。那通过视网膜结构改变的检测是否可以间接反应脑小血管病的情况呢?一、脑小血管病1.脑小血管病概述脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease,C SVD)是一系列临床、影像学和病理综合征。CSVD有多种病因类型,临床表现也多样,大多数呈隐匿性起病。目前CSVD主要依靠神经影像学诊断。CSVD可呈现典型的影像学改变,但这些影像学表现只是脑小血管损伤的间接征象。2.CSVD流行特征目前血管性痴呆(vascularcognitive impairment,VC I)被认为是继阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimersdisease,A D)之后的第二大最常见
7、的痴呆类疾病,患者人数约占痴呆患者总数的基金项目:黑龙江省博士后资助项目(LBH-Z16306)作者单位:150 0 8 1黑龙江,哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院神经内科通信作者:吴云,Email:w u y u n 7 7 7 0 16 3.c o m15%20%。C SVD 所致的认知障碍是VCI中的一种重要类型,也是临床上导致VCI最常见的原因。CSVD发病率与年龄呈正相关,国内流行病学研究显示,中国6 5岁人群中VCI患病率约8.7%2 。而荟萃分析2 0 年来的数据,世界上约50%的痴呆是由CSVD引起的 3。亦有数据显示6 5岁以上大约8 0%的人群有CSVD的临床或影像学表现,而且9
8、0 岁以上人群则几乎为10 0%4。中国的老龄化进程加快。目前中国人口模式已经进人老年型,6 0 周岁及以上人口占总人口的18.7%,6 5周岁及以上人口占总人口的13.5%5。同时,老年人口高龄化趋势日益明显:2 0 2 0 年,8 0 岁及以上人口占总人口比重的2.54%,并正以每年5%的速度增加。以上数据显示,CSVD潜在的患病人群是十分庞大的,且其常隐匿起病,病程长,检测手段局限,故而导致许多患者不能很好重视。眼睛与大脑有解剖学和生理同源性,眼科检查简单快捷多样,那眼底的改变是否可以预示脑组织的改变呢?二、明眼底改变眼底主要受年龄、代谢等因素影响,临床上常见眼底病变有糖尿病视网膜病变、
9、炎症性眼底病变等,各有其独特的眼底征象。在正常人群中,视网膜神经纤维层(retinal nervefiberlaver,R NFL)厚度与年龄有密切的相关性,其平均每年变薄约0.5m8-9,且主要体现在视盘上象限10。血管密度也与年龄有密切的相关性,随着年龄增长血管密度会降低,浅654脑与神经疾病杂志2 0 2 3年第31卷第10 期层毛细血管血管密度每年下降0.2 6%,深层毛细血管血管密度每年下降0.2 7%眼底改变与CSVD相关性眼晴与大脑在血管系统、神经胶质细胞、神经递质系统和视觉皮质的连接线方面是相似的 12 。研究表明BRB和BCFB结构和变化具有一致性 3,这为临床研究提供了新的
10、思路和研究方向。与侧支循环更为丰富的脑微血管系统不同的是眼底血管虽然微血管较为丰富但却没有侧支循环,故而相对隐匿起病的CSVD来说,眼底的临床表现会较早出现141,也更易被观察检测到。1.结构的相似性BCFB与BRB构成相似。不同的是BRB中Muller细胞是视网膜中最丰富的胶质细胞,它在神经元与血管之间起着连接和支撑作用,还对神经元有保护作用 15。视网膜是中枢神经系统的延续已在许多研究中得以证明,如国外研究显示RNFL厚度与帕金森病(Parkinsonsdisease,PD)和AD等疾病相关 16-17 。研究发现PD患者题旁中心凹内核状层厚度显著变薄18,且有研究证实PD患者中有认知功能
11、障碍人群其视盘下象限RNFL厚度较无认知功能障碍人群是减少的 19。在AD患者中显示神经纤维层(nervefiberlaver,NFL)和黄斑区神经节细胞内丛状层(ganglion cell inner plexiform layer,GCIPL)厚度显著改变,且AD患者中黄斑区的GCIPL和RNFL的增厚区域与变薄区域相邻 2 0 ;视网膜血管改变与脑小血管改变的相关性,研究表明,大脑微循环的完整性可以通过视网膜血管网络系统中的血管分布情况反应出来。一项首次使用扫描电镜讨论视网膜微血管与CSVD影响标记物之间关系的研究发现视网膜血管的血管直径和分支复杂性降低程度越大患者深部白质的脑白质高信号
12、越重 2 1。更有研究表明CSVD患者的视网膜浅层毛细血管丛和乳头周围放射状毛细血管网的血管密度显著降低 2 2 。最近研究发现CSVD患者的视网膜血管灌注改变,且灌注量的减少与MRI上显示的CSVD程度相关 14。而视盘周围的血管网络则与CSVD的负荷密切相关 2 3。以上证据表明,视网膜血管的改变与脑小血管的改变密切相关。2.病理改变的一致性CSVD的病理改变,CSVD早期的病理改变主要是BCFB破坏,内皮细胞损伤和血浆蛋白外渗为主要的表现,其在多项研究中得以证实。如在动物以及人体的脑白质区不仅发现了内皮细胞标志物的表达减少而且发现有蛋白渗漏至微动脉壁和白质 2 4。亦有研究表示新发的皮质
13、下小梗死特征性病理表现是血管急性的纤维蛋白样坏死,其后动物实验表明血浆成分渗漏到穿支动脉壁和周围脑组织是纤维蛋白样坏死和周围病变发展的第一步,在人体中也得到了证实 2 5。血浆蛋白外渗引发轴突脱髓鞘和血管炎症反应,在动物实验和尸检中证实了轴突长期生存需要少突胶质细胞和髓鞘营养支持 2 6 ,研究证实脱髓鞘的轴突处于低氧状态,但长期的相对能量剥夺状态则会促进轴突的慢性坏死和退化 2 7 ,从而导致神经跳跃式传导功能的丧失,导致代谢需求增加,也加剧了局部能量不足和低氧 2 8 。轴突丢失和脱髓鞘则导致扩大血管周围间隙 2 9。动物研究表明BCFB破坏是脑微出血的始动环节 30,随后在人体标本中以上
14、内容也得到了证实。除内皮细胞外,星形胶质细胞和周细胞也是BCFB结构完整和维持的必要条件。有研究表明在脑白质病变区的星形胶质细胞和水通道蛋白-4亚细胞表达异常,表明该区BCFB破坏 31。周细胞丢失使血浆蛋白渗出,进而导致BCFB破坏 32 。以上种种均可导致病变区组织慢性低灌注,从而诱导血管内皮细胞损伤、毛细血管基底膜改变等,导致局部脑组织血供减少、氧供不足,加重脑组织破坏 33,若不早期控制,则会产生恶性循环,眼底改变的病理及临床表现,研究表明内皮壁弥漫性变性与血浆蛋白外渗,导致BCFB破坏,与视网膜病变所示的BRB破坏同时发生 34。血管内皮破坏、血浆蛋白外渗可导致视网膜氧气和营养供应不
15、足 35,继而出现视网膜改变,视网膜早期损伤会使Mller细胞发生特征性改变,如细胞肿胀、细胞增生等,持续严重的损伤则会导致神经胶质瘢痕,最终导致视力不可逆损伤 36 ,严重者则出现失明。而周细胞丢失可增加血管通透性,导致血管源性黄斑水肿 37 。胶质细胞活化主要影响视网膜神经节细胞(retinalganglion cells,R C C s)3,BR B破坏会诱导小胶质细胞形态发生改变,并迁移至损伤部位,并呈现与之相对应的功能改变 39。组织学研究显示,RGCs的凋亡可导致GCIPL变薄 40 。通过测量神经节细胞复合体厚度,可以反映视网膜神经细胞的状态 41,亦可以为RGCs的损伤与凋亡提
16、供参考依据。RNFL除了受外渗蛋白的影响外亦受血管本身的影响,研究表明视网膜血管管径的缩小与RNFL的总厚度的下降有显著的相关性。有研究证实在神经元损伤中,RNFL变薄是视网膜神经改变的早期表现(42 1。3.CSVD的眼底改变有研究表明脑白质病变与小动脉的狭窄和小静脉增宽有关(43。一项应用光学相干断层扫描血管成像(OCT-A)观察CSVD的视网膜微血管系统改变的研究发现,CSVD患者的视网膜浅层毛细血管丛和乳头周围放射状毛细血管网络的血管密度显著降低,并且后者密度的降低与CSVD负荷以及认知功能受损有关 2 3。除了散发的CSVD外还有一种类型是遗传性脑小血管病(cerebral auto
17、somal dominant arteriopathy withsubcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,CADASIL),有研究显示通过OCT-A发现CADASIL患者视网膜深层毛细血管丛的血管密度显著降低 。与CSVD相关的除了以上的血管变化外还有RNFL的改变,RNFL厚度的降低与CSVD有关,特别是脑白质病变有关 45。且CADASIL患者的RNFL厚度也有明显的改变 46 。小结CSVD起病隐匿,无特殊临床表现,大多数患者及家属对其认识不够,潜意识的将患者表现出来的步态异常、认知功能下降等作为患者衰老的表现,而导致患者错过早期的干预及治
18、疗。综合以上对CSVD和眼底病变的关联分析,眼底改变的监测或为脑小血管病的发现、预防及治疗带来先验性的价值。眼科影像采集方式多样,如眼底照相、OCT-A等655脑与神经疾病杂志2 0 2 3年第31卷第10 期都已广泛应用于临床,简单易行,可重复性高,眼部血管无需造影剂也可对其进行分析评估。更有文章建议将OCT及OCT-A作为常规的检测手段,以便于更早的发现眼底改变,以达到早期治疗的目的。眼睛作为大脑的延伸,若可在体外实现CSVD病理的非侵人性可视化,可利于临床诊断潜在的疾病,为治疗提供依据和基础,有着极大的临床意义。利益冲突所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突作者贡献声明贺沁飞:文献收集、整理,撰写
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44、SIL:an optical coherence tomography and MRIstudyJJ.Cerebrovasc Dis,2011,31(1):77-82.学习园地杂志社版权页声明:论文授权意见:我们(包括所有作者)同意将本文的使用授权予脑与神经疾病杂志社,并对贵刊以电子期刊(包括网络版光盘版)方式使用本文无异议。未经你刊同意,本文的任何部分不得以任何形式转载使用。本刊已许可中国学术期刊(光盘版)电子杂志社在中国知网及其系列数据库产品中以数字化方式复制、汇编、发行、信息网络传播本刊全文。该社著作权使用费与本刊稿酬一并支付。作者向本刊提交文章发表的行为即视为同意我社上述声明。本刊邮箱投稿: