1、4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名2012 年全国硕士研究生招生考试考研资料【公众号：考研题库】永久免费分享！Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(lOpoints)The ethical ju
2、dgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently.The court cannot 1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law 2 justices behave like politicians.Yet,in several instances,justices acted in ways that 3 the courts reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice A
3、ntonin Scalia,for example,appeared at political events.That kind of activity makes it less likely that the courts decisions will be 4 as impartial judgments.Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5 by an ethics code.At the very least,the court should make itself 6 to the code of conduct th
4、at_7_ to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases 8 the question of whether there 1s still a _9_ between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10 having authority apart from politics.They gave justices permanent positions 11 they would be free to
5、 _lL those in power and have no need to 13 political support.Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _H_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 15 like liberty and property.When the court
6、 deals with social policy decisions,the law it 16 is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily 17 as unjust.The justices must 18 doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselves 19 to the code of conduct.That would make rulings more likely to be
7、seen as separate from politics and,20,convincing as law.-1-考研资料【公众号：考研题库】永久免费分享！1.A emphasize2.A when3.A restored4.A challenged5.A advanced6.A resistant7.A resorts 8.A evade9.A line10.A by11.A so12.A serve13.A confirm14.A guarded15.A concepts16.A excludes17.A dismissed 18.A suppress19.A accessible20
8、.A by all meansPart A Directions:B maintainC modifyD recognizeB lestC beforeD unlessB weakenedC establishedD eliminatedB compromised C suspectedD acceptedB caughtC boundD foundedB subjectC immuneD proneB sticksC leadsD appliesB raiseC denyD settleB barrierC similarityD conflictB asC throughD towards
9、B sinceC providedD thoughB satisfyC upsetD replaceB expressC cultivateD offerB followedC studiedD tiedB theoriesC divisionsD conventionsB questionsC shapesD controlsB releasedC rankedD distortedB exploitC addressD ignoreB amiableC agreeableD accountableB at all costsC in a wordD as a resultSection I
10、I Reading Comprehension Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)-2-考研资料【公众号：考研题库】永久免费分享！Text 1 Come on-Everybodys doing it.That whispered message,half invitation and half forcing,is what most of us think
11、 of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-drinking,drugs and casual sex.But in her new book Join the Club,Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure,in which organizations and officials use the power of gr
12、oup dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of examples of the social cure in action:In South Carolina,a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In So
13、uth Africa,an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on:they fail to mobilize peer pressure for health
14、y habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.Dare to be different,please dont smoke!pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers,who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates oug
15、ht to take a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so
16、powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert e
17、normous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure:we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain,however
18、,is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.Its like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And thats the problem with a soc
19、ial cure engineered from the outside:in the real world,as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.-3-考研资料【公众号：考研题库】永久免费分享！21.According to the first paragraph,peer pressure often emerges asA a supplement to the social cure.B a stimulus to group dynamics.C an obstacle to social progress.D a ca
20、use of undesirable behaviors.22.Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates shouldA recruit professional advertisers.B learn from advertisers experience.C stay away from commercial advertisers.D recognize the limitations of advertisements.23.In the authors view,Rosenbergs book fails toA adequately
21、probe social and biological factors.B effectively evade the flaws of the social cure.C illustrate the functions of state funding.D produce a long-lasting social effect.24.Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviorsA is harmful to our networks of friends.B will mislead behavioral studies.C occu
22、rs without our realizing it.D can produce negative health habits.25.The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure isA harmful.B desirable.C profound.D questionable.-4-考研资料【公众号：考研题库】永久免费分享！Text2 A deal is a deal-except,apparently,when Entergy is involved.The company,a maj
23、or energy supplier in New England,provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the states strict nuclear regulations.Instead,the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not:challenge the constitutiona
24、lity of Vermonts rules in the federal court,as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.Its a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002,when the corporation bought Vermonts only nuclear power plant,an aging reactor in Vernon.As a condition of r
25、eceiving state approval for the sale,the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012.In 2006,the state went a step further,requiring that any extension of the plants license be subject to the Vermont legislatures approval.Then,too,the company went along.Either Enterg
26、y never really intended to live by those commitments,or it simply didnt foresee what would happen next.A string of accidents,including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage,raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee s safety a
27、nd Entergy s management-especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.Enraged by Entergys behavior,the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation
28、,and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.The legal issues in the case are obscure:whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power,legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how
29、 far those powers extend.Certainly,there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules.But had Entergy kept its word,that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged
30、 that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state.But there should be consequences.Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust.Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States,including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.Pledging to run Pilgrim safely,the company has appli
31、ed for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC)reviews the companys application,it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.-5-考研资料【公众号：考研题库】永久免费分享！26.The phrase reneging on(Line 3,Para.1)is closest in meaning to A condemni
32、ng.B reaffirming.C dishonoring.D securing.27.By entering into the 2002 agreement,Entergy intended to A obtain protection from Vermont regulators.B seek favor from the federal legislature.C acquire an extension of its business license.D get permission to purchase a power plant.28.According to Paragra
33、ph 4,Entergy seems to have problems with its A managerial practices.B technical innovativeness.C financial goals.D business vision.29.In the authors view,the Vermont case will test A Entergy s capacity to fulfill all its promises.B the nature of states patchwork regulations.C the federal authority o
34、ver nuclear issues.D the limits of states power over nuclear issues.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that A Entergy s business elsewhere might be affected.B the authority of the NRC will be defied.C Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.D Vermonts reputation might be damaged.-6
35、-考研资料【公众号：考研题库】永久免费分享！Text3 In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows an ambiguous
36、and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences.Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and selfdeception ab
37、ound.Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility process,through which the individual
38、 researchers me,here,now becomes the communitys anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next.Within the c
39、omplex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally,the public(including other scientists)receives the new discover
40、y and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works its way through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individuals discovery claim into the communitys credible discovery.Two pa
41、radoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search,not re-search.No
42、t surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albe
43、rt Szent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted
44、and appreciated.In the end,credibility happens to a discovery claim-a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each others reasoning and each others conceptions ofreason.-7-考研资料【公众号：考研题库】永久免费分
45、享！31.According to the first paragraph,the process of discovery is characterized by its A uncertainty and complexity.B misconception and deceptiveness.C logicality and objectivity.D systematicness and regularity.32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires A strict inspect
46、ion.B shared efforts.C individual wisdom.D persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it A has attracted the attention of the general public.B has been examined by the scientific community.C has received recognition from editors and reviewers.D has been
47、frequently quoted by peer scientists.34.Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that A scientific claims will survive challenges.B discoveries today inspire future research.C efforts to make discoveries are justified.D scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be
48、 the best title of the text?A Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.B Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.C Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.D Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.-8-考研资料【公众号：考研题库】永久免费分享！Text4 If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today,he
49、 would probably represent civil servants.When Hoffas Teamsters were in their prime in 1960,only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union;now 36%do.In 2009 the number of unionists in Americas public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.In Britain,more tha
50、n half of public-sector workers but only about 15%of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions thriving.First,they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.Second,they are mostly bright and well-educated.A quarter of Americas
