1、11期3079收稿日期:2022-06-09基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(31860357,32160517);云南省烟草公司科技计划项目(云烟科 2019 94号)通讯作者:白羽祥(1991-),https:/orcid.org/0000-0001-6645-7845,博士,主要从事烟草栽培与生理生化研究工作,E-mail:cots-第一作者:张金峰(1991-),https:/orcid.org/0000-0002-2259-0553,研究方向为烟草栽培与生理生化,E-mail:化肥减量配施炭基肥对烤烟产质量及土壤酶活性的影响张金峰1,2,谭小兵3,吕世保3,合云宇4,李云川4,施定国4
2、,王戈1,白羽祥1*(1云南农业大学烟草学院,云南昆明650201;2云南省烟草公司保山市公司昌宁县分公司,云南保山678100;3云南省烟草公司曲靖市公司,云南曲靖655000;4云南省烟草公司昆明市公司,云南昆明650051)摘要:【目的】探究不同化肥与生物质炭基肥配比对烤烟产质量及土壤酶活性的影响,以期明确化肥最佳减施量及生物质炭基肥施用量,为化肥减量配施生物质炭基肥的推广应用提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】以烤烟品种K326为试验材料,设4个化肥与生物质炭基肥配比处理 对照(CK):100%化肥;T1:80%化肥+20%生物质炭基肥;T2:60%化肥+40%生物质炭基肥;T3:40%化
3、肥+60%生物质炭基肥,于移栽后30、60和90 d,分别测定不同处理烤烟的农艺性状和SPAD值,烘烤结束后调查各处理烤烟的外观质量和经济性状,测定分析主要化学成分及其协调性,同时收集根际土壤测定土壤酶活性。【结果】与CK相比,在生长前期生物质炭基肥处理对烤烟生长影响较小,生长中后期其促进作用逐渐凸显;除有效叶片数外,T1处理的各项农艺性状指标整体最优,有效叶片数以T3处理最多,在移栽后90 d较CK高10.20%;随着炭基肥配比的增加,SPAD值、外观质量、经济性状、化学成分协调性整体呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,以T2处理最优(SPAD值较CK高4.04%,外观质量总分较CK高2.65%,产量
4、、均价、产值、中上等烟比例分别较CK高1.82%、5.50%、7.43%、0.88%,烟叶化学成分总分较CK高9.45%),T3处理不利于烤烟产质量的形成;土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别以T3处理(0.612 mg/g)和CK(7.384 mL/g)最高,蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均以T2处理最高,分别较CK高7.01%和5.34%。【结论】化肥减量配施炭基肥可显著促进中后期烤烟生长,同时具有显著的改土作用,其中以60%化肥+40%生物质炭基肥处理效果最优,而过高的炭基肥用量则有抑制烤烟生长和降低土壤质量的风险。关键词:化肥减量;炭基肥;烤烟;产质量;土壤酶活性中图分类号:S572文献标志码:A文章
5、编号:2095-1191(2022)11-3079-09南方农业学报Journal of Southern Agriculture2022,53(11):3079-3087ISSN 2095-1191;CODEN NNXAABhttp:/DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2022.11.008Effects of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with biochars-based fertilizers on yield and quality of flue-cured tobaccoand soil enzyme a
6、ctivityZHANG Jin-feng1,2,TAN Xiao-bing3,LYU Shi-bao3,HE Yun-yu4,LI Yun-chuan4,SHI Ding-guo4,WANG Ge1,BAI Yu-xiang1*(1College of Tobacco Science,YunnanAgricultural University,Kunming,Yunnan 650201,China;2Changning Branchof Baoshan Tobacco Company of Yunnan Provincial Tobacco Company,Baoshan,Yunnan 67
7、8100,China;3QujingTobacco Company of Yunnan Provincial Tobacco Company,Qujing,Yunnan 655000,China;4KunmingTobacco Company of Yunnan Provincial Tobacco Company,Kunming,Yunnan 650051,China)Abstract:【Objective】To study the effects of different ratios of chemical fertilizer and biochars-based fertilizer
8、s onthe yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco and soil enzyme activity,in order to clarify the optimal reduced applicationamount of chemical fertilizer and the application amount of biochars-based fertilizers,and provide some theoretical basisand technical support for the popularization and applic
9、ation of reduced application of chemical fertilizer and biochars-based fertilizers.【Method】Tobacco variety K326 was taken as the test material,four treatments of chemical fertilizer andbiochars-based fertilizers were set up control(CK):100%chemical fertilizer;T1:80%chemical fertilizer+20%biochars-ba
10、sed fertilizers;T2:60%chemical fertilizer+40%biochars-based fertilizers;T3:40%chemical fertilizer+60%biochars-53卷南 方 农 业 学 报 30800引言【研究意义】化肥在烟草产业发展过程中发挥重要作用,可为烤烟产量及品质的形成提供有力保障;但长期以来因化肥的不合理施用造成的土壤环境恶化及烟田面源污染情况渐趋严重,如何在保障烤烟产质量稳定的基础上最大化实施化肥减量,并探索高效、科学、环境友好的施肥措施,已成为目前亟待解决的关键问题。生物质炭基肥是以生物质炭为基质,通过添加一种或多种营养
11、元素,经一定比例混合制成的新型功能型肥料(Gwenzi et al.,2017;Liet al.,2019),具有改良土壤(陈坤等,2018)、使作物提质增效(张萌等,2019)及养分缓释(赵泽州等,2021)等优良特性。基于此,进一步研究炭基肥替代化肥的应用效果,探明化肥减量的可行性,对促进烟草产业资源可持续利用具有重要的现实意义。【前人研究进展】近年来,众多学者在烤烟化肥减量条件下配以生物有机肥(封传欣,2019)、改良追肥方式(朱经伟等,2020)、配施水溶性追肥和有机肥(沈晗等,2021;刘魁等,2022)等方面开展了大量研究,已初步证实一定程度的化肥减量并辅以适宜的施肥策略并不会对烤
12、烟产质量及土壤环境造成消极影响。同时,大量研究表明,生物质炭基肥在生态环境治理(穆青和刘锦华,2019)、促进养分积累(何晓冰等,2020)、改良植烟土壤(陈懿等,2020)等方面具有巨大潜力,是实现可持续发展的重要新型肥料。相较于生物质炭的单独施用,炭基肥中的养分具有缓/控释性,可有效提高作物肥料利用率,显著改善土壤环境(魏春辉等,2016)。陈懿等(2019)研究发现,施用玉米秸秆生物质炭基肥可增加土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌数量,并提高烤烟氮、磷、钾积累量和产量。王晓强等(2019)研究表明,减氮增施生物质炭基肥可改善烟叶内在化学成分协调性,增加中性致香物质含量,提升烟叶品质。毛娟等(2019
13、)通过对比不同用量炭基肥对烤烟产质量的影响发现,1.5 t/ha的炭基肥用量改善了烤烟内在化学成分及其协调性,增加了香气物质含量,提高了经济效益。李彩斌等(2019)通过对比不同炭基复混肥配方处理对烤烟生理、养分及产量特征的影响发现,在N:P2O5:K2O为9:13:22,生物炭比例为15%的配方处理下,烤烟叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、净光合速率及水分利用率最高。申洪涛等(2020)研究发现,减施化肥氮15%同时配施高炭基肥料的处理对烤烟生长及产质量形成无显著负面影响,而在减氮30%条件下,尽管配施高炭基肥料也会对烤烟生长及产质量造成负效应。【本研究切入点】目前关于肥料运筹的研究大多集中于有机
14、无机配施、生物质炭基肥增施等方面(王日俊等,2021;赵东等,2021),而忽略了生物质炭基肥施用条件下的化肥减施研究。【拟解决的关键问题】通过对比不同化肥与生物质炭基肥配比下的烤烟农艺性状、经济性状、烤后烟叶化学成分及土壤酶活性等指标,探究最适的化肥减量比例,以期为烤烟生物质炭基肥的全方位应用提供技术支撑和理论依据。based fertilizers.The agronomic traits and SPAD value of flue-cured tobacco under different treatments were measuredat 30,60 and 90 d after
15、transplanting.After curing,the appearance quality and economic properties of flue-cured tobacco ineach treatment were investigated,the main chemical components and their coordination were determined and analyzed,and the rhizosphere soil was collected to determine the soil enzyme activity.【Result】Com
16、pared with the CK,the treatmentof biochars-based fertilizers had less effect on the growth of flue-cured tobacco in the early growth stage,but its promotingeffect was gradually highlighted in the middle and late growth stage.Except the number of effective leaves,the agronomictraits of T1 treatment were the best as a whole,and the number of effective leaves was the most in T3 treatment,whichwas 10.20%higher than CK at 90 d after transplanting.With the increase of biochars-based fertilizers ratio,