1、上肢深静脉血栓上肢深静脉血栓 upper extremity deep venous thrombosis UEDVT 定义定义 腋静脉、锁骨下静脉、桡静脉、尺静脉、肱静脉、颈内静脉、头臂干静脉 最常见:腋静脉、锁骨下静脉 原发性:约占20%继发性:指存在危险因素的深静脉血栓形成,约占80%Cuc Mai,M.D.H.M.,Upper extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis A Review.The American Journal of Medicine,2011.流行病学流行病学 时间 作者 住院病人/n UEDVT/n 发生率%1998 Kroger 16000
2、0 334 0.2 1998-2006 Syed Mustafa 44163 65 0.15 Kroger K,Schelo C,Gocke C,et al.Colour Doppler sonographic diagnosis of upper limb venous thrombosesJ.Clin Sci(Lond),1998,94(6):657-661.Syed Mustafa,M.,et al.,upper extremity deep vein thrombosis.CHEST,2003 DVT中所占比例 时间 作者 DVT/n UEDVT/n 发生率%1999 Spencer
3、483 69 14%2004 Hylton V 5451 592 11%Spencer F A E C L D.Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis A Community-BasedJ.Am J Med,2007,8(120):678-684.Hylton V.Joffe N K V F.Upper-Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis A Prospective Registry of 592 PatientsJ.Circulation,2004,12(110):1605-1611.危险因素危险因素 原发性原发性上肢深静脉血栓:遗
4、传性血栓形成倾向:蛋白C、蛋白s或抗凝血酶、凝血因子缺乏,凝血因子VLeiden突变和凝血酶原G20210A突变 解剖结构异常:Paget-Schroetter综合征 Grant,J.D.,et al.,Diagnosis and management of upper extremity deep-vein thrombosis in adults.Thromb Haemost,2012.继发性继发性上肢深静脉血栓 CVC置入:45%与CVC有关 肿瘤:38%与恶性肿瘤有关 其他:起搏器、30天内手术史或制动史、个人或者家族深静脉血栓栓塞史、正在接受化疗、伴随疾病(高血压、糖尿病、神经系统疾
5、病、30内肺部感染)Munoz F J,Mismetti P,Poggio R,et al.Clinical outcome of patients with upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis:results from the RIETE RegistryJ.Chest,2008,133(1):143-148 RIETE研究 多国家、多中心 DVT UEDVT CVC 肿瘤肿瘤 例数例数n 11564 512 228 196 比例比例%/4.4%45%UEDVT中比例中比例 38%UEDVT中比例中比例 Munoz F J,Mismetti P,Pogg
6、io R,et al.Clinical outcome of patients with upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis:results from the RIETE RegistryJ.Chest,2008,133(1):143-148 2004年美国多中心研究 DVT UEDVT CVC 肿瘤肿瘤 例数例数 5451 592 324 230 比例比例%/11%55%UEDVT中比中比例例 39%UEDVT中比中比例例 Hylton V.Joffe N K V F.Upper-Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis A Pros
7、pective Registry of 592 PatientsJ.Circulation,2004,12(110):1605-1611 临床症状和体征临床症状和体征 上肢肿胀:80%患侧肢体疼痛:3050%较少出现的:患侧肢体红斑、浅表静脉曲张、肢体功能障碍、胸痛、呼吸困难、颈部肿胀 无症状:约5%诊断诊断 D-二聚体 超声 对比静脉造影:金标准 MRI、MRV CTV van M.DI NISIO,G.L.S.,Accuracy of diagnostic tests for clinically suspected upper extremity deep vein thrombosis
8、.Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis D-二聚体二聚体 Merminodet al,2006,Switzerland:500ug/L 多普勒超声确诊 52例怀疑UEDVT中:1.D-dimer阳性:15/52 29%2.并发肿瘤中:8/23 34.8%3.CVC:6/18 33%4.无肿瘤、CVC:4/22 18%诊断的敏感性为诊断的敏感性为100%,特异性为,特异性为14%,阳性预测价值为阳性预测价值为32%,阴性排除价值为,阴性排除价值为100%,超声超声 PICC 低回声低回声 不可压缩性不可压缩性 超声超声 敏感性敏感性 特异性特异性 加压超声加
9、压超声 97%96%彩色多普勒彩色多普勒 84%94%Di Nisio M,Van Sluis G L,Bossuyt P M,et al.Accuracy of diagnostic tests for clinically suspected upper extremity deep vein thrombosis:a systematic reviewJ.J Thromb Haemost,2010,8(4):684-692 UEDVT诊断 急性期:确诊血栓后的前三个月 可以降低血栓后综合征、血栓复发的发生率。预防期:急性期治疗后的阶段 目的是控制血栓形成的危险因素 治疗治疗(参考下肢深静
10、脉血栓形成)治疗治疗(参考下肢深静脉血栓形成)拔除深静脉置管 抗凝 溶栓 上腔静脉滤器 手术取栓术 Grant,J.D.,et al.,Diagnosis and management of upper extremity deep-vein thrombosis in adults.Thromb Haemost,2012 抗凝抗凝 ACCP建议:同下肢深静脉血栓 Kearon C,Kahn S R,Agnelli G,et al.Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease:American College of Chest
11、 Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines(8th Edition)J.Chest,2008,133(6 Suppl):454S-545S 溶栓溶栓 ACCP建议:仅用于:症状严重、血栓占据大部分锁骨下静脉和腋静脉、血栓形成14天内、肢体功能良好、预期寿命长于一年、低出血风险者 Kearon C,Kahn S R,Agnelli G,et al.Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease:American College of Chest Physician
12、s Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines(8th Edition)J.Chest,2008,133(6 Suppl):454S-545S 上腔静脉滤器上腔静脉滤器 Owens C A,Bui J T,Knuttinen M G,et al.Pulmonary embolism from upper extremity deep vein thrombosis and the role of superior vena cava filters:a review of the literatureJ.J Vasc Interv Radiol,20
13、10,21(6):779-787 上腔静脉短,放置困难 致死性并发症发生率为3.8%手术取栓术手术取栓术 Kearon C,Kahn S R,Agnelli G,et al.Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease:American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines(8th Edition)J.Chest,2008,133(6 Suppl):454S-545S 大块血栓形成影响肢体功能 绝对抗凝、溶栓禁忌症 治疗策略比较治疗策略比较 并发症并发症 肺栓塞:发生率约为5%;抗凝 深静脉血栓复发:高复发、早复发 血栓后综合征(Post-thrombotic Syndrome,PTS)发生率为2040%PE 预防预防 合理的选择CVC置入 小剂量低分子肝素、小剂量华法林、维生素K拮抗剂(继发性)