1、Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads and HighwaysAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1102SEVENTH EDITION,DECEMBER 2007REAFFIRMED,DECEMBER 2017ERRATA,NOVEMBER 2008ERRATA 2,MAY 2010ERRATA 3,SEPTEMBER 2012ERRATA 4,FEBRUARY 2014ERRATA 5,MARCH 2014Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads and HighwaysDownstream SegmentAPI R
2、ECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1102SEVENTH EDITION,DECEMBER 2007REAFFIRMED,DECEMBER 2017ERRATA,NOVEMBER 2008ERRATA 2,MAY 2010ERRATA 3,SEPTEMBER 2012ERRATA 4,FEBRUARY 2014ERRATA 5,MARCH 2014Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature.With respect to particular circumstances,lo
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10、 L Street,N.W.,Washington,D.C.20005.Copyright 2007 American Petroleum InstituteForewordThe need for an industry-recommended practice to address installation of pipeline crossings under railroads was first recognized by the publication of American Petroleum Institute(API)Code 26 in 1934.This code rep
11、resented an understanding between the pipeline and railroad industries regarding the installation of the relatively small-diameter lines then prevalent.The rapid growth of pipeline systems after 1946 using large-diameter pipe led to the reevaluation and revision of API Code 26 to include pipeline de
12、sign criteria.A series of changes were made between 1949 and 1952,culminating in the establishment in 1952 of Recommended Practice 1102.The scope of Recommended Practice 1102(1952)included crossings of highways in anticipation of the cost savings that would accrue to the use of thin-wall casings in
13、conjunction with the pending construction of the Defense Interstate Highway System.Recommended Practice 1102(1968)incorporated the knowledge gained from known data on uncased carrier pipes and casing design and from the performance of uncased carrier pipes under dead and live loads,as well as under
14、internal pressures.Extensive computer analysis was performed using Spanglers Iowa Formula 1 to determine the stress in uncased carrier pipes and the wall thickness of casing pipes in instances where cased pipes are required in an installation.The performance of carrier pipes in uncased crossings and
15、 casings installed since 1934,and operated in accordance with API Code 26 and Recommended Practice 1102,has been excellent.There is no known occurrence in the petroleum industry of a structural failure due to imposed earth and live loads on a carrier pipe or casing under a railroad or highway.Pipeli
16、ne company reports to the U.S.Department of Transportation in compliance with 49 Code of Federal Regulations Part 195 corroborate this record.The excellent performance record of uncased carrier pipes and casings may in part be due to the design process used to determine the required wall thickness.Measurements of actual installed casings and carrier pipes using previous Recommended Practice 1102 design criteria demonstrate that the past design methods are conservative.In 1985,the Gas Research In