1、Flame Arresters in Piping SystemsAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2028 THIRD EDITION,FEBRUARY 2002 REAFFIRMED,JUNE 2020 Flame Arresters in Piping SystemsDownstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2028 THIRD EDITION,FEBRUARY 2002REAFFIRMED,JUNE 2020 SPECIAL NOTES API publications necessarily address problems
2、 of a general nature.With respect to partic-ular circumstances,local,state,and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers,manufacturers,or suppliers towarn and properly train and equip their employees,and others exposed,concerning healthand
3、 safety risks and precautions,nor undertaking their obligations under local,state,or fed-eral laws.Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to par-ticular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer,the manufacturer orsupplier of that mater
4、ial,or the material safety data sheet.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right,byimplication or otherwise,for the manufacture,sale,or use of any method,apparatus,or prod-uct covered by letters patent.Neither should anything contained in the publication be con
5、-strued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Generally,API standards are reviewed and revised,reafrmed,or withdrawn at least everyve years.Sometimes a one-time extension of up to two years will be added to this reviewcycle.This publication will no longer be in effe
6、ct ve years after its publication date as anoperative API standard or,where an extension has been granted,upon republication.Statusof the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department telephone(202)682-8000.A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and upda
7、tedquarterly by API,1220 L Street,N.W.,Washington,D.C.20005.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropri-ate notication and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an APIstandard.Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of
8、 this standard or com-ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developedshould be directed in writing to the API Standards Department,American Petroleum Insti-tute,1220 L Street,N.W.,Washington,D.C.20005.Requests for permission to reproduce ortranslate all or any p
9、art of the material published herein should also be addressed to the gen-eral manager.API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven,sound engineer-ing and operating practices.These standards are not intended to obviate the need for apply-ing sound engineering judgment re
10、garding when and where these standards should beutilized.The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way toinhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the markingrequirements of an API standard is solel
11、y responsible for complying with all the applicablerequirements of that standard.API does not represent,warrant,or guarantee that such prod-ucts do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved.No part of this work may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted by
12、 any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,or otherwise,without prior written permission from the publisher.Contact the Publisher,API Publishing Services,1220 L Street,N.W.,Washington,D.C.20005.Copyright 2002 American Petroleum Institute FOREWORD This recommended practice was prepared u
13、nder the direction of the API Safety and FireProtection Subcommittee.This third edition of API 2028 Flame Arresters in Piping Systems has been extensively rewritten and updated from the previous edition.Appendices to the doc-ument are intended to provide additional supplementary information.This gui
14、de was prepared to help provide a basic understanding of ame arresters used inpiping systems.The information presented is based primarily upon experience in the petro-leum industry.It is not intended to exclude or limit the use of other approaches of compara-ble merit.Because of the special nature o
15、f ame arresters,especially those used fordetonation protection,this recommended practice strongly encourages dialogue with theequipment supplier and the use of sound engineering judgement in ame arrester selectionand application.iii CONTENTS Page 1INTRODUCTION.11.1Purpose.11.2Scope.11.3Concept of Ha
16、zard vs.Risk.11.4Retroactivity.12REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS.13DEFINITIONS.24COMBUSTION AND FLAME PROPAGATION.34.1General.34.2Combustion Rates and MESG.34.3Deagration .44.4Detonation.45FLAME ARRESTER FUNCTION AND CONCERNS FOR USEIN PIPING SYSTEMS.45.1Flame Arrester Function.45.2Pressure Concerns and Maintenance.45.3Potential Effects of Installation Geometry.55.4Flame Arresters Not Using Metal Elements .55.5Pyrophoric Iron Sulde Concerns.65.6Unilateral and Bilateral Flame Arresters.66LIMITATIONS OF F