1、This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade(
2、TBT)Commite.Designation:A182/A182M-18Endorsed by Manufacturers StandardizationSociety of the Valve and Fittings IndustryUsed in USDOE-NE StandardsINTERNATIONALStandard Specification forForged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges,Forged Fittings,and Valves and Parts for High-TemperatureSe
3、rviceThis standard is issued under the fixed designation A182/A182M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(8)indic
4、ates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S.Department of Defense.1.Scope*1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units1.1 This specification2 covers forged low alloy and stainlessare to be regarded sepa
5、rately as the standard.Within the text,steel piping components for use in pressure systems.Includedthe SI units are shown in brackets.The values stated in eachare flanges,fittings,valves,and similar parts to specifiedsystem may not be exact equivalents;therefore,each systemdimensions or to dimension
6、al standards,such as the ASMEshall be used independently of the other.Combining valuesspecifications that are referenced in Section 2.from the two systems may result in non-conformance with thestandard.1.2 For bars and products machined directly from bar(otherthan those directly addressed by this sp
7、ecification;see 6.4).1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-refer to Specifications A479/A479M and A739 for the similardance with internationally recognized principles on standard-grades available in those specifications.Products made to thisization established in the Decision on Pri
8、nciples for thespecification are limited to a maximum weight of 10000 lbDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recom-4540 kg.For larger products and products for othermendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technicalapplications,refer to Specifications A336/A336M and A965/Barrie
9、rs to Trade(TBT)Committee.A965M for the similar ferritic and austenitic grades,2.Referenced Documentsrespectively,available in those specifications.2.1 In addition to the referenced documents listed in Speci-1.3 Several grades of low alloy steels and ferritic,fication A961/A961M,the following list o
10、f standards apply tomartensitic,austenitic,and ferritic-austenitic stainless steelsthis specification.are included in this specification.Selection will depend upon2.2 ASTM Standards:design and service requirements.Several of the ferritic/austenitic(duplex)grades are also found in SpecificationA262 P
11、ractices for Detecting Susceptibility to IntergranularA1049/A1049M.Attack in Austenitic Stainless SteelsA275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of1.4 Supplementary requirements are provided for use whenSteel Forgingsadditional testing or inspection is desired.These shall applyA336/A336
12、M Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings foronly when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.Pressure and High-Temperature Parts1.5 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound unitsA388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steeland in SI units.However,unless the order sp
13、ecifies theForgingsapplicable M specification designation(SI units),the mate-A479/A479M Specification for Stainless Steel Bars andrial shall be furnished to inch-pound units.Shapes for Use in Boilers and Other Pressure VesselsA484/A484M Specification for General Requirements forStainless Steel Bars,
14、Billets,and Forgings This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,A739 Specification for Steel Bars,Alloy,Hot-Wrought,forStainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeElevated Temperature or Pressure-Containing Parts,orA01.22 on Ste
15、el Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and BoltingBothMaterials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications.Current edition approved March 1,2018.Published March 2018.Originallyapproved in 1935.Last previous edition approved in 2017 as A182/A182M-17.3 For referenced ASTM standards,
16、visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orDOI:10.1520/A0182_A0182M-18.contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-Standards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page oncation SA-
17、182 in Section II of that Code.the ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM Intermational,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1A182/A182M-18A763 Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular3.2.1
18、 hardened condition,n-for F23,the metallurgicalAttack in Ferritic Stainless Steelscondition achieved after normalizing and cooling to roomA788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings,General Re-temperature but prior to tempering.quirementsA923 Test Methods for Detecting Detrimental Intermetallic4.Ord
19、ering InformationPhase in Duplex Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless Steels4.1 It is the purchasers responsibility to specify in theA961/A961M Specification for Common Requirements forpurchase order information necessary to purchase the neededSteel Flanges,Forged Fittings,Valves,and Parts formaterial.In a
20、ddition to the ordering information guidelines inPiping ApplicationsSpecification A961/A961M,orders should include the follow-A965/A965M Specification for Steel Forgings,Austenitic,ing information:for Pressure and High Temperature Parts4.1.1 Additional requirements(see 7.2.1,Table 2 footnotes,A1049/
21、A1049M Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings.9.3,and 19.2),andFerritic/Austenitic(Duplex),for Pressure Vessels and4.1.2 Requirement,if any,that manufacturer shall submitRelated Componentsdrawings for approval showing the shape of the rough forgingA1084 Test Method for Detecting Detrimental Phas
22、es inbefore machining and the exact location of test specimenLean Duplex Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless Steelsmaterial(see 9.3.1).E92 Test Methods for Vickers Hardness and Knoop Hard-ness of Metallic Materials5.General RequirementsE112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size5.1 Product furnis
23、hed to this specification shall conform toE165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination forthe requirements of Specification A961/A961M,including anyGeneral Industrysupplementary requirements that are indicated in the purchaseE340 Practice for Macroetching Metals and Alloysorder.Failure to co
24、mply with the general requirements of2.3 ASME Standards:Specification A961/A961M constitutes nonconformance withB16.11 Forged Steel Fittings,Socket Welding,and Threadedthis specification.In case of conflict between the requirements2.4 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code:of this specification and Sp
25、ecification A961/A961M,thisSection IXspecification shall prevail.2.5 AWS Specifications6.ManufactureA5.4/A5.4M Specification for Stainless Steel Electrodes for6.1 The low-alloy ferritic steels shall be made by theShielded Metal Arc Weldingopen-hearth,electric-furnace,or basic-oxygen process with the
26、A5.5/A5.5M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodesoption of separate degassing and refining processes in eachfor Shielded Metal Arc Weldingcase.A5.9/A5.9M Specification for Bare Stainless Steel WeldingElectrodes and Rods6.2 The stainless steels shall be melted by one of theA5.11/A5.11M Specific
27、ation for Nickel and Nickel-Alloyfollowing processes:(a)electric-furnace(with the option ofWelding Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Weldingseparate degassing and refining processes);(b)vacuum-A5.14/A5.14M Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Alloyfurnace;or(c)one of the former followed by vacuum orB
28、are Welding Electrodes and Rodselectroslag-consumable remelting.Grade F XM-27Cb may beA5.23/A5.23M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Elec-produced by electron-beam melting.trodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding6.3 A sufficient discard shall be made to secure freedomA5.28/A5.28M Specification fo
29、r Low-Alloy Steel Elec-from injurious piping and undue segregation.trodes for Gas Shielded Arc Welding6.4 The material shall be forged as close as practicable toA5.29/A5.29M Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux Coredthe specified shape and size.Arc Welding6.4.1 Flanges of any type,elbows,return bends
30、,tees,andheader tees shall not be machined directly from bar stock.3.Terminology6.4.2 Cylindrically-shaped parts may be machined from3.1 Definitions-For definitions of terms used in thisforged or rolled solution-annealed austenitic stainless steel barspecification,refer to Specification A961/A961M.w
31、ithout additional hot working.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:6.4.3 Cylindrically-shaped low alloy,martensitic stainless,ferritic stainless,and ferritic-austenitic stainless steel parts,NPS-4 DN 100 and under,may be machined from forged or Available from American Society of Mechan
32、ical Engineers(ASME),ASMErolled bar,without additional hot working.International Headquarters,Two Park Ave.,New York,NY 10016-5990,http:/6.5 Except as provided for in 6.4,the finished product shallwww.asme.org.5 Available from American Welding Society(AWS),550 NW LeJeune Rd.,be a forging as defined
33、in the Terminology section of Specifi-Miami,FL 33126,http:/www.aws.org.cation A788/A788M.2A182/A182M-187.Heat Treatment8.Chemical Composition7.1 After hot working,forgings shall be cooled to a tem-8.1 A chemical heat analysis in accordance with Specifica-perature below 1000 F 538 C prior to heat tre
34、ating intion A961/A961M shall be made and conform to the chemicalaccordance with the requirements of Table position prescribed in Table 2.7.2 Low Alloy Steels and Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless8.2 Grades to which lead,selenium,or other elements areSteels-The low alloy steels and ferritic and mar
35、tensiticadded for the purpose of rendering the material free-machiningstainless steels shall be heat treated in accordance with theshall not be used.requirements of 7.1 and Table 1.When more than one heat8.3 Starting material produced to a specification that spe-treatment option is listed for a Grad
36、e in Table 1,any one of thecifically requires the addition of any element beyond thoseheat treatments listed shall be performed.The selection of thelisted in Table 2 for the applicable grade of material is notheat treatment shall be at the manufacturers option,unlesspermitted.otherwise stated in the
37、 purchase order.7.2.1 Liquid Quenching-Except as permitted in 7.2.2,for8.4 Steel grades covered in this specification shall notF 1,F 2,and F 3,and when agreed to by the purchaser,liquidcontain an unspecified element,other than nitrogen in stainlessquenching followed by tempering shall be permitted p
38、rovidedsteels,for the ordered grade to the extent that the steelthe temperatures in Table 1 for each grade are used.conforms to the requirements of another grade for which that7.2.1.1 Marking-Parts that are liquid quenched and tem-element is a specified element having a required minimumpered shall b
39、e marked QT.content.For this requirement,a grade is defined as an alloy7.2.2 Alternatively.Grade F 1,F 2.and F 12.Classes 1 anddescribed individually and identified by its own UNS designa-2 may be given a heat treatment of 1200 F 650 C minimumtion or Grade designation and identification symbol in Ta
40、ble 2.after final hot or cold forming.8.5 Product Analysis-The purchaser may make a product7.3 Austenitic and Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steels-analysis on products supplied to this specification in accor-Except as permitted by 7.5,the austenitic and ferritic-austeniticdance with Specification A9
41、61/A961M.stainless steels shall be heat treated and liquid-quenched inaccordance with the requirements of 7.1 and Table 1.9.Mechanical Properties7.3.1 Alternatively,immediately following hot working.9.1 The material shall conform to the requirements as towhile the temperature of the forging is not l
42、ess than themechanical properties for the grade ordered as listed in Table 3.minimum solution annealing temperature specified in Table 1.9.2 Mechanical test specimens shall be obtained from pro-forgings made from austenitic grades(except grades F 304H,F309H,F310.F310H,F316H,F321,F321H,F347,F347H.duc
43、tion forgings,or from separately forged test blanks pre-F 348,F 348H,F 45,and F 56)may be individually rapidlypared from the stock used to make the finished product.Ineither case,mechanical test specimens shall not be removedquenched in accordance with the requirements of Table 1.until after all hea
44、t treatment is complete.If repair welding isFerritic-austenitic grades may be solution annealed withoutrequired,test specimens shall not be removed until aftercooling below 1000F by being re-heated to the solutionannealing temperature required in Table 1,held for a timepost-weld heat treatment is co
45、mplete,except for ferritic gradeswhen the post-weld heat treatment is conducted at least 50 Fsufficient to dissolve phases and precipitates which may cause30 C below the actual tempering temperature.When testa reduction in corrosion or mechanical properties,andblanks are used,they shall receive appr
46、oximately the samequenched in accordance with Table 1.working as the finished product.The test blanks shall be heat7.3.2 See Supplementary Requirement S8 if a particulartreated with the finished product and shall approximate theheat treatment method is to be employed.maximum cross section of the for
47、gings they represent.7.4 Time of Heat Treatment-Heat treatment of forgings9.3 For normalized and tempered,or quenched and tem-may be performed before machining.pered forgings,the central axis of the test specimen shall be7.5 Forged or Rolled Bar-Forged or rolled austenitictaken at least 4 T from the
48、 nearest surface as-heat-treated.stainless bar from which cylindrically shaped parts are to bewhere T is the maximum heat-treated thickness of the repre-machined,as permitted by 6.4,and the parts machined fromsented forging.In addition,for quenched and temperedsuch bar,without heat treatment after m
49、achining,shall beforgings,the mid-length of the test specimen shall be at least Tfurnished to the annealing and quenching or rapid-coolingfrom all other surfaces as-heat-treated,exclusive of the Trequirements of Specification A484/A484M or thisdimension surfaces.When the section thickness does notsp
50、ecification,with subsequent light cold drawing and straight-permit this positioning,the test specimen shall be positioned asening permitted(see Supplementary Requirement S3 if anneal-near as possible to the prescribed location,as agreed to by theing must be the final operation).purchaser and the sup
51、plier.9.3.1 With prior purchase approval,the test specimen for A solution annealing temperature above 1950 F 1065 C may impair theferritic steel forgings may be taken at a depth(t)correspondingresistance to intergranular corrosion after subsequent exposure to sensitizingto the distance from the area
52、 of significant stress to the nearestconditions in F 321.F 321H.F 347.F 347H.F 348.and F 348H.When specifiedheat-treated surface and at least twice this distance(2 r)fromby the purchaser,a lower temperature stabilizing treatment or a second solutionanncaling shall be used subsequent to the initial h
53、igh temperature solution annealany second surface.However,the test depth shall not be nearer(see Supplementary Requirement S10).to one treated surface than 34in.19 mm and to the second3A182/A182M-18TABLE 1 Heat Treating RequirementsGradeHeat Treat TypeAustenitizing/SolutioningCoolingQuenching CoolTe
54、mpering TemperatureTemperature,MinimumMediaBelow F CMinimum oror Range,F CRange,F CLow Alloy SteelsF1anneal1650900furnace cool百normalize and temper1650900air cool1150620F2anneal1650900furnace coolBnormalize and temper1650900air cool1150620F5,F5aanneal1750955furmace cool日normalize and temper1750955ai
55、r cool1250675F9anneal1750955furnace coolnormalize and temper1750955air coolB1250675F10solution treat and quench19001040liquid500260F 91 Types 1 and 2normalize and temper or1900-19751040-1080air cool accelerated air1350-1470730-800quench and tempercool or liquidF92normalize and temper1900-19751040-10
56、80air coolB1350-1470730-800F93normalize and temper1960-21401070-1170air cool3852001380-1455750-790F122normalize and temper1900-19751040-1080air cool01350-1470730-800F911normalize and temper1900-19751040-1080air cool or liquid1365-1435740-780F 11,Class 1.2.3anneal1650900furnace coolnormalize and temp
57、er1650900air cool1150620F 12,Class 1.2anneal1650900furnace coolnormalize and temper1650900air cool1150620F 21,F 3V.and Fanneal1750955furnace coolB93VCbnormalize and temper1750955air cool1250675F 22.Class 1.3anneal1650900furnace coolanormalize and temper1650900air cool1250675F22Vnormalize and temper
58、or1650900air cool or liquidB1250675quench and temperF23normalize and temper1900-19751040-1080air coolB1350-1470730-800accelerated coolF24normalize and temper1800-1975980-1080air cool81350-1470730-800or liquidFRanneal1750955furnace coolBnormalize1750955air coolBnormalize and temper1750955air coolB125
59、0675F 36,Class 1normalize and temper1650900air cool1100595F 36,Class 2normalize and temper or1650900air cool1100595quench and temper1650900accelerated air cool1100595or liquidMartensitic Stainless SteelsF 6a Class 1annealnot specifiedfurnace cool合normalize and tempernot specifiedair cool400205132572
60、5tempernot requiredB1325725F 6a Class 2annealnot specifiedfurnace coolnormalize and tempernot specifiedair cool4002051250675tempernot requiredB1250675F 6a Class 3annealnot specifiedfurnace coolBnormalize and tempernot specifiedair cool4002051100595F 6a Class 4annealnot specifiedfurnace coolnormalize
61、 and tempernot specifiedair cool4002051000540F6banneal1750955furnace coolnormalize and temper1750955air cool4002051150620F6NMnormalize and temper18501010air cool200951040-1120560-600Ferritic Stainless SteelsF XM-27 Cbanneal18501010furnace cool百F429anneal18501010furnace coolF430annealnot specifiedfur
62、nace coolAustenitic Stainless SteelsF304solution treat and quench19001040liquidE500260F304Hsolution treat and quench19001040liquide500260F304Lsolution treat and quench19001040liquidE500260BF304Nsolution treat and quench19001040liquidE500260F304LNsolution treat and quench19001040liquidE500260F309Hsol
63、ution treat and quench19001040liquidE500260F310solution treat and quench19001040liquidE500260BF310Hsolution treat and quench19001040liquide500260F 310MoLNsolution treat and quench1900-20101050-1100liquidE500260F316solution treat and quench19001040liquide500260F316Hsolution treat and quench19001040li
64、quide500260F316Lsolution treat and quench19001040liquide500260BF316Nsolution treat and quench19001040liquidE500260F316LNsolution treat and quench19001040liquidE500260F316Tisolution treat and quench19001040liquidE500260F317solution treat and quench19001040liquidE5002604A182/A182M-18TABLE 1 ContinuedG
65、radeHeat Treat TypeAustenitizing/SolutioningCoolingQuenching CoolTempering TemperatureTemperature.MinimumMediaBelow F CMinimum oror Range,F CRange,*F CF317Lsolution treat and quench19001040liquidE5002600F72solution treat and quench1975-21551080-1180liquidE500260F73solution treat and quench1975-21551
66、080-1180liquide500260F347solution treat and quench19001040liquide500260F347Hsolution treat and quench20001095liquidE500260F347LNsolution treat and quench19001040liquide500260F348solution treat and quench19001040liquide500260F348Hsolution treat and quench20001095liquidE500260F321solution treat and qu
67、ench19001040liquidE500260F321Hsolution treat and quench20001095liquidE500260F XM-11solution treat and quench19001040liquide500260FXM-19solution treat and quench19001040liquidE500260F20solution treat and quench1700-1850925-1010liquidE500260F44solution treat and quench21001150liquide500260F45solution
68、treat and quench19001040liquidE500260F46solution treat and quench2010-21401100-1140liquidE500260F47solution treat and quench19001040liquidE500260F48solution treat and quench19001040liquide500260F49solution treat and quench20501120liquide500260F56solution treat and quench2050-21601120-1180liquide5002
69、60F58solution treat and quench20851140liquidE500260F62solution treat and quench20251105liquidE500260F63solution treat and quench19001040liquide500260F64solution treat and quench2010-21401100-1170liquidE500260F904Lsolution treat and quench1920-21001050-1150liquidE500260F70solution treat and quench190
70、01040liquidD500260Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless SteelsF50solution treat and quench19251050liquid500260F51solution treat and quench18701020liquid500260F52liquid500260F53solution treat and quench18801025liquid500260F54solution treat and quench1920-20601050-1125liquid500260F55solution treat and quench2
71、010-20851100-1140liquid500260F57solution treat and quench19401060liquid17580F59solution treat and quench1975-20501080-1120liquid500260F60solution treat and quench18701020liquid500260F61solution treat and quench1920-20601050-1125liquid500260F65solution treat and quench1830-21001000-1150liquid500260F6
72、6solution treat and quench1870-19751020-1080liquid500260F67solution treat and quench1870-20501020-1120liquid500260F68solution treat and quench1700-1920925-1050liquid500260F69solution treat and quench18701020liquid500260F71solution treat and quench1925-21001050-1150liquid5002604 Minimum unless temper
73、ature range is listed.Not applicable Grade F 52 shall be solution treated at 1825 to 1875 F(995 to 1025 C 30 min/in.of thickness and water quenched.PThe cooling media for Grades F 65 and F 70 shall be quenching in water or rapidly cooling by other means.fForged or roled bar meeting the requirements
74、of 7.5 shall be liquid quenched or rapid-cooled by other means in accordance with Specification A484/A484M.treated surface than 1%in.38 mm.This method of test9.4 For annealed low alloy steels,ferritic stainless steels,specimen location would normally apply to contour-forgedand martensitic stainless
75、steels,and also for austenitic andparts,or parts with thick cross-sectional areas where 14 T x Tferritic-austenitic stainless steels,the test specimen may betesting(see 9.3)is not practical.Sketches showing the exacttaken from any convenient location.test locations shall be approved by the purchaser
76、 when thismethod is used.9.5 Tension Tests:9.3.2 Metal Buffers-The required distances from heat-9.5.1 Low Alloy Steels and Ferritic and Martensitic Stain-treated surfaces may be obtained with metal buffers instead ofless Steels-One tension test shall be made for each heat inintegral extensions.Buffe
77、r material may be carbon or low-alloyeach heat treatment charge.steel,and shall be joined to the forging with a partial9.5.1.1 When the heat-treating cycles are the same and thepenetration weld that seals the buffered surface.Specimensfurnaces(either batch or continuous type)are controlled withinsha
78、ll be located at%-in.13-mm minimum from the buffered25 F 14 C and equipped with recording pyrometers sosurface of the forging.Buffers shall be removed and the weldedthat complete records of heat treatment are available,then onlyareas subjected to magnetic particle test to ensure freedomone tension test from each heat of each forging type(see Notefrom cracks unless the welded areas are completely removedI)and section size is required,instead of one test from eachby subsequent machining.heat in each heat-treatment charge.5