1、高三英语复习与训练十七、十八、十九、二十一名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句 、连词17. 名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。17.1 引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连接词： that, whether ,if 不充当从句的任何成分 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which 连接副词：when, where, h
2、ow, why 不可省略的连词：1. 介词后的连词2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。例如：That she was chosen made us very happy. 她被选上了，我们很快乐。We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。 比拟：whether与if 均为是否的意思。 但在以下情况下，whether 不能被if 取代： 1. whether引导主语从句并在句首 2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语 4. 从句后有or not 大局部连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主
3、语。例如： It is not important who will go. 谁去，这不重要。 It is still unknown which team will win the match. 到底谁赢呢，形势尚不明朗。 17.2 名词性that-从句 1由附属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语。例如： 主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。 宾语：John said tha
4、t he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。 表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他，这一情况令办公室所有的人不安。 形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作满意我感到很快乐。 2That-
5、从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末。例如： It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整个方案注定要失败。 Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。 用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系： a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句It is necessary that 有必要It is important that 重要的是It is obvious that 很明显 b. It + be
6、+ -ed 分词+ that-从句It is believed that人们相信It is known to all that 从所周知It has been decided that 已决定 c. It + be +名词+ that-从句It is common knowledge that 是常识It is a surprise that 令人惊奇的是It is a fact that 事实是 d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句It appears that似乎It happens that碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起 17.3 名词性wh-从句 1
7、由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等。例如：主语： How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。直接宾语：In ones own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。间接宾语：The
8、club will give whoever wins a prize.获胜者俱乐部将颁奖。表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她快乐给他起什么名字就取什么名字。同位语：I have no idea when he will return. 我不知道他什么时候回来。形容词宾语：Im not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚
9、不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go. 那取决于我们去哪儿。2Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末。例如：It is not yet decided who will do that job. 还没决定谁做这项工作。It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。17.4 if, whether引导的名词从句 1yes-no型疑问从句附属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的
10、，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同。例如： 主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一方案是否可行还有等证实。 宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。 表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。 同位语：They are invest
11、igating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。 形容词宾语： Shes doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她疑心我们是否能够前来。 介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担忧他是否能度过疾病的危险期。2选择性疑问从句 选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whetheror或whetheor not构成。例如： Please tell me whether /
12、 if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。 I dont care whether you like the plan or not. 我不在乎你是否喜欢该方案。 17.5 否认转移 1将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否认词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否认式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。例如： I dont think I know you.我想我并不认识你。 I don t believe he will come.我相信他不回来。注意：假设谓语动词为h
13、ope,宾语从句中的否认词不能转移。例如： I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。2将seem, appear 等后的从句的否认转移到前面。例如： It doesnt seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。 It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。3有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否认转变为对谓语动词的否认。例如： I dont remember having ever seen such a man.我记得从未见过这样一
14、个人。not否认动名词短语 having Its not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street. 在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否认形式。4有时状语或状语从句中否认可以转移到谓语动词前。例如： The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.否认状语蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。 He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. 否认because状语 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。 She had not been married many weeks when that mans younger brother saw her and was struckby her beauty.否认状语many weeks她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。18.