1、Designation:E228214An American National StandardStandard Guide forDefining the Test Result of a Test Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2282;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last re
2、vision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide guidelines foridentifying the elements that comprise the test result of a testmethod and t
3、o illustrate how these elements combine into thetest result.1.2 Types of measurement scales used for expressing obser-vations and test results are discussed.1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and
4、 Bias inASTM Test MethodsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO 35342 StatisticsVocabulary and Symbols,Part 2:Applied Statistics3.Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor a more extensive list of terms in E11standards,refer to Terminology E456.3.1.1 binary scale,nnominal scale
5、 with only two possiblecategories.3.1.2 characteristic,na property of items in a sample orpopulation which,when measured,counted or otherwiseobserved,helps to distinguish between the items.3.1.3 interval scale,ncontinuous scale or discrete scalewith equal sized scale values and an arbitrary zero.ISO
6、 353423.1.4 nominal scale,nscale with unordered labeled cat-egories or ordered by convention.ISO 353423.1.5 observation,nthe process of obtaining informationregarding the presence or absence of an attribute of a testspecimen,or of making a reading on a characteristic ordimension of a test specimen.3
7、.1.5.1 DiscussionObservation is also associated with theattribute or measurement information obtained from the pro-cess.The term“observed value”is preferred for this secondusage.3.1.6 observed value,nthe value obtained by making anobservation.3.1.7 ordinalscale,nscalewithorderedlabeledcategories.ISO
8、 353423.1.8 ratio scale,ncontinuous scale with equal sized scalevalues and an absolute or natural zero point.ISO 353423.1.8.1 DiscussionRatio scales consist of only non-negative values.3.1.9 scale,nsystemofreferencevaluesforacharacteristic.ISO 353423.1.10 test determination,nthe value of a character
9、istic ordimension of a single test specimen derived from one or moreobserved values.3.1.11 test method,na definitive procedure that producesa test result.3.1.11.1 DiscussionExamples of test methods include,butare not limited to:identification,measurement,and evaluationof one or more qualities,charac
10、teristics,or properties.ASTM Regulations 2.2.63.1.12 test observation,nsee observation.3.1.13 test result,nthe value of a characteristic obtainedby carrying out a specified test method.3.1.13.1 DiscussionThe test method specifies that one or anumber of individual observations be made,and their avera
11、geor another appropriate function,(such as the median or thestandard deviation),be reported as the test result.It can alsorequire standard corrections to be applied,such as correction ofgas volumes to standard temperature and pressure.Thus,a testresult can be a result calculated from several observe
12、d values.In the simple case,the test result is the observed value itself.ISO 353421This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality andStatistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.20 on Test MethodEvaluation and Quality Control.Current edition approved Oct.1,2
13、014.Published November 2014.Originallyapproved in 2003.Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2282 13.DOI:10.1520/E2282-14.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,ref
14、er to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization(ISO),1,ch.dela Voie-Creuse,Case postale 56,CH-1211,Geneva 20,Switzerland,http:/www.iso.ch.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19
15、428-2959.United States1 3.1.14 test specimen,nthe portion of a test unit needed toobtain a single test determination.3.1.14.1 DiscussionWhen used for a physical test,this issometimes called“test piece.”For a chemical test,it issometimes called test portion or test sample.For optical andother tests,i
16、t is also sometimes called test sample.In inter-laboratory evaluation of test methods and other statisticalprocedures,it is best to reserve the word sample for the wholeamount of material involved and not the individual testspecimens,pieces or portions being tested.3.1.15 test unit,nthe total quantity of material(containingone or more test specimens)needed to obtain a test result asspecified in the test method.(See test result.)3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 binary test