1、Designation:E238511Standard Guide forEstimating Wildlife Exposure Using Measures of HabitatQuality1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2385;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 Ecological Risk Assessments(EcoRAs)typically focuson valued wildlife populations.Regulatory authority for con-ducting EcoRAs derives from v
3、arious federal laws forexample,Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compen-sation and Liability Act 1981,(CERCLA),Resource Conser-vation Recovery Act(RCRA),and Federal Insecticide,Fungicide,and Rodenticide Act,(FIFRA).Certain proceduresfor conducting EcoRAs(1-4)2have been standardized E1689-95(2003)
4、Standard Guide for Developing Conceptual SiteModels for Contaminated Sites;E1848-96(2003)StandardGuide for Selecting and Using Ecological Endpoints forContaminated Sites;E2020-99a Standard Guide for Data andInformation Options for Conducting an Ecological Risk As-sessment at Contaminated Sites;E2205
5、-02 Standard Guide forRisk-Based Corrective Action for Protection of Ecologicalresources;E1739-95(2002)Standard Guide for Risk-BasedCorrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites.Spe-cialized cases for reporting data have also been standardizedE1849-96(2002)Standard Guide for Fish and Wildlife
6、 Inci-dent Monitoring and Reporting as have sampling proceduresto characterize vegetation E1923-97(2003)Standard Guide forSampling Terrestrial and Wetlands Vegetation.1.2 Most states have enacted laws modeled after the federalacts and follow similar procedures.Typically,estimates oflikely exposure l
7、evels to constituents of potential concern(CoPC)are compared to toxicity benchmark values orconcentration-response profiles to establish the magnitude ofrisk posed by the CoPC and to inform risk managers consid-ering potential mitigation/remediation options.The likelihoodof exposure is influenced gr
8、eatly by the foraging behavior andresidence time of the animals of interest in the areas containingsignificant concentrations of the CoPC.Foraging behavior andresidence time of the animals are related to landscape features(vegetation and physiognomy)that comprise suitable habitatfor the species.This
9、 guide presents a framework for incorpo-rating habitat quality into the calculation of exposure levels foruse in EcoRAs.1.3 This guide is intended only as a framework for usingmeasures of habitat quality in species specific habitat suitabil-ity models to assist with the calculation of exposure level
10、s inEcoRA.Information from published Habitat Suitability Index(HSI)models(5)is used in this guide.The user should becomefamiliar with the strengths and limitations of any particular HSImodel used in order to characterize uncertainty in the exposureassessment(5-7).For species that do not have publish
11、edhabitat suitability models,the user may elect to develop broadcategorical descriptions of habitat quality for use in estimatingexposure.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E1689 Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models forContaminated SitesE1739 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Appl
12、ied atPetroleum Release SitesE1848 Guide for Selecting and Using Ecological Endpointsfor Contaminated SitesE1849 Guide for Fish and Wildlife Incident Monitoring andReportingE1923 Guide for Sampling Terrestrial and Wetlands Vegeta-tion(Withdrawn 2013)4E2020 Guide for Data and Information Options for
13、Conduct-ing an Ecological Risk Assessment at Contaminated SitesE2205 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action for Protec-tion of Ecological Resources3.Terminology3.1 The words“must,”“should,”“may,”“can,”and“might”have specific meanings in this guide.“Must”is used to express1This guide is under the jur
14、isdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment,Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate.Current edition approved Oct.1,2011.Published October 2011.Originallyapproved in 2004.Last previous ed
15、ition approved in 2004 as E238504.DOI:10.1520/E2385-11.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandard
16、s volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 an absolute requirement,that is,to state that the test ought tobe designed to satisfy the specified condition,unless thepurpose of the test requires a different design.“Should”is usedto state that the specified condition