1、Designation:E228908Standard Guide forExamination of Rubber Stamp Impressions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2289;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses
2、indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used byforensic document examiners(Guide E444)for examinationsand comparisons involving rubber stamps and their imp
3、res-sions.1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examina-tion(s)and comparison(s)is of questioned and known items orof exclusively questioned items.1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiencyof the material available for examination.1.4 The particular methods employed in a gi
4、ven case willdepend upon the nature and sufficiency of the material avail-able for examination.1.5 This guide may not cover all aspects of particularlyunusual or uncommon examinations.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresp
5、onsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E444 Guide for Scope of Work of Forensic DocumentExaminersE1732 Terminology Relating to For
6、ensic ScienceE2195 Terminology Relating to the Examination of Ques-tioned Documents3.Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms in this guide,referto Terminology E1732 and Terminology E2195.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 coincidental peripheral printing,nprinting re
7、sultingfrom an impression of unintended printing areas,often on theperiphery,of a stamp.This may be due to the manufacturingprocess or the stamping technique.3.2.2 rubber stamp,nany of a wide variety of handprinting devices made of many materials not necessarilyrubber.Syn.hand stamp,cachet.4.Signifi
8、cance and Use4.1 The procedures outlined here are grounded in thegenerally accepted body of knowledge and experience in thefield of forensic document examination.By following theseprocedures,a forensic document examiner can reliably reachan opinion concerning whether two or more impressions havea co
9、mmon origin or if a rubber stamp impression was createdby a specific rubber stamp.5.Interferences5.1 Items submitted for examination may have inherentlimitations that can interfere with the procedures in this guide.Limitations should be noted and recorded.5.2 Limitations can be due to submission of
10、non-originaldocuments,limited quantity or comparability,or condition ofthe items submitted for examination(for example,impressionsmade with over-inked or inadequately inked stamps,partiallyimprinted impressions,or variations in surface texture).Suchfeatures are taken into account in this guide.5.3 T
11、he results of prior storage,handling,testing,or chemi-cal processing(for example,for latent prints)can interfere withthe examination of certain characteristics.Whenever possible,document examinations should be conducted prior to anychemical processing.Items should be handled appropriately toavoid co
12、mpromising subsequent examinations.5.4 Consideration should be given to the possibility that arubber stamp can be manufactured which duplicates theimpressions of another stamp,and that various forms ofsimulations,imitations,and duplicates of rubber stamps orrubber stamp impressions can be generated
13、by computer andother means.6.Equipment and Requirements6.1 Appropriate light source(s)of sufficient intensity toallow fine detail to be distinguished.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on ForensicSciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.90 on Executive.C
14、urrent edition approved April 1,2008.Published July 2008.Originallyapproved in 2003.Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E2289 031.DOI:10.1520/E2289-08.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMSt
15、andards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 NOTE1Natural light,incandescent or fluorescent sources,or fiberoptic lighting systems are generally
16、 utilized.Transmitted illumination,side lighting,and vertical incident lighting have been found useful.6.2 Magnification sufficient to allow fine detail to be distin-guished.6.3 Astamp pad,stamp pad ink and adequate smooth(bond)paper or other suitable substrate to collect specimens from therubber stamp if available.6.4 Other apparatus as appropriate.6.5 Imaging or other equipment for recording observationsas required.6.6 Sufficient time and facilities to complete all applicableprocedures.7.Proce