1、Designation:D6001/D6001M20Standard Guide forDirect-Push Groundwater Sampling for Environmental SiteCharacterization1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6001/D6001M;the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the
2、year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval.A superscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope*1.1 This guide covers a review of methods for samplinggroundwater at discrete points or in increments by insertion ofg
3、roundwater sampling devices using Direct Push Methods(D6286/D6286M,see 3.3.2).By directly pushing the sampler,the soil is displaced and helps to form an annular seal above thesampling zone.Direct-push water sampling can be one time,ormultiple sampling events.Knowledge of site specific geologyand hyd
4、rogeologic conditions is necessary to successfullyobtain groundwater samples with these devices.1.2 Direct-push methods of water sampling are used forgroundwater quality and geohydrologic studies.Water qualityand permeability may vary at different depths below thesurface depending on geohydrologic c
5、onditions.Incrementalsampling or sampling at discrete depths is used to determinethe distribution of contaminants and to more completelycharacterize geohydrologic environments.These explorationsare frequently advised in characterization of hazardous andtoxic waste sites and for geohydrologic studies
6、.1.3 This guide covers several types of groundwater sam-plers;sealed screen samplers,profiling samplers,dual tubesampling systems,and simple exposed screen samplers.Ingeneral,sealed screen samplers driven to discrete depth pro-vide the highest quality water samples.Profiling samplersusing an exposed
7、 screen(s)which are purged between samplingevents allow for more rapid sample collection at multipledepths.Simple exposed screen samplers driven to a test zonewith no purging prior to sampling may result in more ques-tionable water quality if exposed to upper contaminated zones,and in that case,woul
8、d be considered screening devices.1.4 Methods for obtaining groundwater samples for waterquality analysis and detection of contaminants are presented.These methods include use of related standards such as;selection of purging and sampling devices(Guide D6452 andD6634/D6634M),sampling methods(Guide D
9、4448 andD6771)and sampling preparation and handling(GuidesD5903,D6089,D6517,D6564/D6564M,and D6911).1.5 When appropriately installed and developed many ofthese devices may be used to perform pneumatic slug testing(Practice D7242/D7242M)to quantitatively evaluate formationhydraulic conductivity over
10、discrete intervals of unconsoli-dated formations.These slug tests provide reliable determina-tions of hydraulic conductivity and can be performed afterwater quality sampling is completed.1.6 Direct-push water sampling is limited to unconsolidatedformations that can be penetrated with available equip
11、ment.Instrong soils damage may result during insertion of the samplerfrom rod bending or assembly buckling.Penetration may belimited,or damage to samplers or rods can occur in certainground conditions,some of which are discussed in 5.7.Drillingequipment such as sonic drilling(Practice D6914/D6914M)o
12、rrotary drilling(Guide D6286/D6286M)can be used to advanceholes past formations difficult to penetrate using typical DirectPush equipment.Some soil formations do not yield water in atimely fashion for direct-push sampling.In the case of unyield-ing formations,direct-push soil sampling can be perform
13、ed(Guide D6282/D6282M).1.7 Direct push water sampling with one-time sealed screensamplers can also be performed using cone penetrometerequipment(Guide D6067/D6067M).1.8 This guide does not address installation of permanentwater sampling systems such as those presented in PracticeD5092/D5092M.Direct-
14、push monitoring wells for long termmonitoring are addressed in Guide D6724/D6724M and Prac-tice D6725/D6725M.1.9 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units presented in brackets are to be regarded sepa-rately as standard.The values stated in each system may not beexact equivalents
15、;therefore,each system shall be used inde-pendently of the other.Combining values from the two systemsmay result in nonconformance with the standard.Reporting oftest results in units other than SI shall not be regarded asnonconformance with this standard.1.10 All observed and calculated values shall
16、 conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026,unless superseded by this standard.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Sept.1,2020.Published November 2020.Originallyapproved in 1996.Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D6001 05(2012).DOI:10.1520/D6001_D6001M-20.*A Summary of Changes sec