1、Designation:D428015Standard Specification forExtended Life Type,Nonplowable,Raised RetroreflectivePavement Markers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4280;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of
2、last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This specification covers nonplowable,retroreflectiveraised pavement markers for nighttime lane marking anddelineation.1.2
3、The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard except where noted in the document.The valuesgiven in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI unitsthat are provided for information only and are not consideredstandard.1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only
4、 to thetest methods portion,Section 9,of this specification:Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of r
5、egulatory limita-tions prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous MaterialsD36 Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen(Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)D71 Test Method for Relative Density of Solid Pitch andAsphalt(Displacement Method)D92 Test Metho
6、d for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD113 Test Method for Ductility of Bituminous MaterialsD1785 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride)(PVC)PlasticPipe,Schedules 40,80,and 120D3111 Test Method for Flexibility Determination of Hot-Melt Adhesives by Mandrel Bend Test MethodD4402 Test
7、 Method for Viscosity Determination of Asphaltat Elevated Temperatures Using a Rotational ViscometerD5329 Test Methods for Sealants and Fillers,Hot-Applied,for Joints and Cracks in Asphaltic and Portland CementConcrete PavementsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test Method
8、sE284 Terminology of AppearanceE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE808 Practice for Describing RetroreflectionE809 Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristics ofRetroreflectorsE811 Practice for Measuring Colorimetric Characteristics
9、 ofRetroreflectors Under Nighttime Conditions2.2 Federal Specifications:3TT-T-291 Thinner,Paint,Mineral Spirits,Regular and Odor-less2.3 AASHTO Standards:4AASHTO M237 Epoxy Resin Adhesive for Bonding TrafficMarkers to Hardened Concrete3.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 cleanabilitythe ability of a r
10、aised retroreflectivemarker to keep its optical surfaces clean under traffic andenvironmental conditions.3.1.2 coeffcient of luminous intensity,RIthe ratio of theluminous intensity(I)of the retroreflector in the direction ofobservation to the illuminance(E)at the retroreflector on aplane perpendicul
11、ar to the direction of the incident light,expressed in candelas per lux(cd/lx)(see Practice E808 andTerminology E284).3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe values presented for the coefficientof luminous intensity are presented in SI units,which are theaccepted worldwide norm for expressing this value,rather thanin
12、 inch-pounds.When values are low,the coefficient of1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.38 onHighway Traffic Control Materials.Current edition approved Sept.15,2015.Published October 2015.
13、Originallyapproved in 1983.Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4280 12.DOI:10.1520/D4280-15.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document
14、 Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S.Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N.Capitol St.,NW,Mail Stop:SDE,Washington,DC 20401,http:/www.access.gpo.gov.4Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials(AASHTO),444 N.Capitol St.,NW,S
15、uite 249,Washington,DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1(retroreflected)luminous intensity may be given in millican-delas per lux.In inch-pound units,RIis given in candelas perfootcandle(cd
16、/fc).Historically,the term“specific intensity”and symbol(“SI”)have been used to designate this term but“RI”is preferred.3.1.3 colorchromaticity,according to the CIE(Commis-sion Internationale de lEclairage)1931 colorimetric system.3.1.4 horizontal entrance anglethe angle in the horizontalplane between the direction of incident light and the normal tothe leading edge of the marker.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThis angle corresponds to the entranceangle 2 when the marker is positioned for photometry.Thedirec