1、Designation:D443708(Reapproved 2013)Standard Practice forNon-destructive Testing(NDT)for Determining the Integrityof Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric SheetGeomembranes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4437;the number immediately following the designation indicates the yea
2、r oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This practice is intended for use as a summary ofnondestructiv
3、e quality control test methods for determining theintegrity of seams used in the joining of flexible sheet materialsin a geotechnical application.This practice outlines the testprocedures available for determining the quality of bondedseams.Any one or combination of the test methods outlined inthis
4、practice can be incorporated into a project specification forquality control.These test methods are applicable to manufac-tured flexible polymeric membrane linings that are scrimreinforced or nonreinforced.This practice is not applicable todestructive testing.For destructive test methods look at oth
5、erASTM Standards and Practices.1.2 The types of seams covered by this practice include thefollowing:Thermally Bonded Seams,Hot Air,Hot Wedge(orKnife),Extrusion,Solvent Bonded Seams,Bodied SolventBonded Seams,Adhesive Bonded or Cemented Seams,TapedSeams,Waterproofed Sewn Seams.1.3 The values stated i
6、n inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard.The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials,operations,and equipment.This standard does not purport toa
7、ddress all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with itsuse.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5641 Practice f
8、or Geomembrane Seam Evaluation byVacuum ChamberD5820 Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation ofDual Seamed GeomembranesD6365 Practice for the Nondestructive Testing of Geomem-brane Seams using the Spark TestD7006 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of GeomembranesD7177 Specification for Air Chan
9、nel Evaluation of Polyvi-nyl Chloride(PVC)Dual Track Seamed Geomembranes3.Significance and Use3.1 The use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrictliquid migration from one location to another in soil and rock,and the large number of seam methods and types used injoining these geomembrane she
10、ets,has created a need forstandard tests by which the various seams can be compared andthe quality of the seam systems can be non-destructivelyevaluated.This practice is intended to meet such a need.3.2 The geomembrane sheet material shall be formulatedfrom the appropriate polymers and compounding i
11、ngredients toform a plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets allspecified requirements for the end use of the product.The sheetmaterial(reinforced or nonreinforced)shall be capable of beingbonded to itself by one of the methods described in 1.2inaccordance with the sheet manufacturers recommen
12、dationsand instructions.4.Nondestructive Test Methods4.1 For all test methods listed below,any and all flaws inseam construction that are detected under a given test proce-dure shall be repaired.All nondestructive test methods listedare not necessarily applicable to all polymeric geomembranematerial
13、s.4.2 Air Lance TestInspect all seams for unbonded areasusing an air nozzle directed on the upper seam edge and surfaceto detect loose edges,riffles indicating unbonded areas withinthe seam,or other undesirable seam conditions.Check allbonded seams using a minimum 50 psi(345 kPa)(gage)airsupply dire
14、cted through a316in.(4.8 mm)(typical)nozzle,held not more than 2 in.(51 mm)from the seam edge anddirected at the seam edge.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.Current edition approved
15、 May 1,2013.Published June 2013.Originallyapproved in 1984.Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D443708.DOI:10.1520/D4437-08R13.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informati
16、on,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 4.3 Vacuum Box TestingInspect all seams for unbondedareas by applying a vacuum to a soaped section of seam.Thevacuum shall be applied by a vacuum box equipped with avacuum gage,a clear glass view panel in the top,and a softrubber gasket on the periphery of the open bottom3.Thor-oughly soap a section of the seam and place