1、Designation:D4169-16INTERNATIONALStandard Practice forPerformance Testing of Shipping Containers and SystemsThis standard is issued under the fixed designation D4169;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last re
2、vision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(8)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S.Department of Defense.1.Scope*D999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Ship
3、ping Con-1.1 This practice provides a uniform basis of evaluating,intainersa laboratory,the ability of shipping units to withstand theD4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impactdistribution environment.This is accomplished by subjectingTest for Shipping Containers and Systemsthem to a test
4、 plan consisting of a sequence of anticipatedD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers,Packages,orhazard elements encountered in various distribution cycles.Packaging Components for TestingThis practice is not intended to supplant material specificationsD4728 Test Method for Random Vibration Testin
5、g of Ship-or existing preshipment test procedures.ping ContainersD5265 Test Method for Bridge Impact Testing1.2 Consider the use of Practice D7386 for testing ofD5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers bypackages for single parcel shipments.Free Fall1.3 The suitability of this practice f
6、or use with hazardousD5277 Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontalmaterials has not been determined.Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedD5487 Test Method for Simulated Drop of Loaded Contain-as standard.The values given in paren
7、theses are mathematicalers by Shock Machinesconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyD6055 Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Unitizedand are not considered standard.Loads and Large Shipping Cases and CratesD6179 Test Methods for Rough Handling of Unitized Loads1.5 This sta
8、ndard does not purport to address all of theand Large Shipping Cases and Cratessafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theD6344 Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transportresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro.Packagespriate safety and health practices and
9、determine the applica-D6653 Test Methods for Determining the Effects of Highbility of regulatory limitations prior to use.Altitude on Packaging Systems by Vacuum Method2.Referenced DocumentsD7386 Practice for Performance Testing of Packages forSingle Parcel Delivery Systems2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1327
10、Terminology Relating to Barrier Materials for Medi-D642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resistancecal Packaging(Withdrawn 2007)3of Shipping Containers,Components,and Unit LoadsD880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Contain-2.2 Military Standards:4MIL-STD-810F Environmental Test Met
11、hodsers and SystemsD951 Test Method for Water Resistance of Shipping Con-MIL-STD-2073-1 DOD Standard Practice for Militarytainers by Spray MethodPackagingD996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-2:3 Association of American Railroads Standards:mentsGeneral Information Bulletin No.2 Rule
12、s and Proceduresfor Testing of New Loading and Bracing Methods orMaterials This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packagingand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers andSystems-Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition appro
13、ved April 1,2016.Published June 2016.Originally3The fast approved version of this historical standard is referenced onapproved in 2004.Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D4169-14.DOI:www.astm.org.10.1520/D4169-16.*Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk,DODSSP,Bldg.4,2 For referen
14、ced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orSection D,700 Robbins Ave.,Philadelphia,PA 19111-5098,http:/contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMdodssp.daps.dla.mil.Standards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page on5 Available fro
15、m Association of American Railroads(AAR),425 Third St,SW,the ASTM website.Washington,DC 20024,http:/www.aar.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM Intermational,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United StatesD4169-163.Termi
16、nology3.3.1 TOFC-trailer on flatcar.3.1 Definitions-General definitions for the packaging and3.3.2 COFC-container on flatcar.distribution environments are found in Terminology D996.3.3.3 TL-truckload.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.4 CL-carload.3.2.1 acceptance criteria-the ac
17、ceptable quality level that3.3.5 LTL-less than truckload.must be met after the shipping unit has been subjected to thetest plan.See Section 7.4.Significance and Use3.2.2 assurance level-the level of test intensity based on its4.1 This practice provides a guide for the evaluation ofprobability of occ
18、urring in a typical distribution cycle.shipping units in accordance with a uniform system,using3.2.2.1 Discussion-Level I is a high level of test intensityestablished test methods at levels representative of thoseand has a low probability of occurrence.Level III is a low leveloccurring in actual dis
19、tribution.The recommended test levelsof test intensity,but has a correspondingly high probability ofare based on available information on the shipping andoccurrence.Level II is between these extremes.For Distribu-handling environment,and current industry/government prac-tion Cycle 18(DC-18),see MIL-
20、STD-2073-1 for definitionstice and experience(1-13).The tests should be performedof military levels of protection.sequentially on the same containers in the order given.For use3.2.3 coeficient of restitution-the ratio of the reboundas a performance test,this practice requires that the shippingveloci
21、ty to the impact velocity.unit tested remain unopened until the sequence of tests arecompleted.If used for other purposes,such as package3.2.4 distribution cycle(DC)-the sequential listing of thedevelopment,it may be useful to open and inspect shippingtest schedules employed to simulate the hazard e
22、lementsunits at various times throughout the sequence.This may,expected to occur for a specific routing of a shipping unit fromhowever,prohibit evaluating the influence of the containerproduction to consumption.See Table 1.closure on container performance.3.2.5 feeder aircraft-small,potentially non-
23、pressurized air-4.2 For Distribution Cycle 18,as referred to in MIL-STD-craft used to transport express packages.2073-1,the use of this practice is defined in subsequent3.2.6 hazard element-a specific event that occurs in asections identified as DC-18.distribution cycle that may pose a hazard to a s
24、hipping unit.The element will usually be simulated by a single test schedule.5.Test SpecimenSee Section 9.5.1 Test specimens consist of representative samples of3.2.7 shipping unit-the smallest complete unit that will becomplete shipping units,including actual contents.Productssubjected to the distr
25、ibution environment,for example,awith blemishes or minor defects may be used if the defectiveshipping container and its ponent is not to be studied by the test and if the defect is3.2.7.1 small shipping unit-for DC-18,a small shippingdocumented in the report.Dummy test loads are acceptable ifunit is
26、 defined as one having no edge dimension or diametertesting the actual product might be hazardous.If a dummy loadover 60 in.(1.52 m)and a gross weight of 100 lb(45 kg)oris used,it should be instrumented to determine if the fragilityless.level of the actual product has been exceeded.Take care todupli
27、cate the load characteristics of the actual product,and3.2.7:2 large shipping unit-for DC-18,a large shippingavoid unnecessary prehandling.unit is defined as one having at least one edge dimension ordiameter over 60 in.(1.52 m)or a gross weight in excess of 1005.2 Care must be taken to ensure that n
28、o degradation hasIb(45 kg),or it is one that has a gross weight exceeding 100 Iboccurred to either the product or the package if the test(45 kg)and is secured to a base or to the base of a shippingpackages have been shipped to the test site.If any doubt existsunit.as to the condition of the package,
29、repack the product in newpackaging material before testing.3.2.8:test plan-specific listing of the test sequence to befollowed to simulate the hazards anticipated during the distri-5.3 The number of test replications depends on the desiredbution cycle of a shipping unit.Included will be the testobje
30、ctives of the testing and the availability of duplicateintensity and number of sequential tests to be conducted.Seeproducts and shipping containers.Replicate testing is recom-8.5.mended to improve the reliability of the test results.3.2.9 test schedule-the specific procedure to be used,6.Conditionin
31、gincluding the three assurance level intensities,and a reference6.1 If the distribution cycle contains climatic conditions thatto the test method that is the basis of the schedule.have an effect on the performance characteristics of the3.2.9.1 Discussion-The purpose of the schedule is to simu-produc
32、t,shipping container,or components such as cushioning,late the forces occurring during any hazard element of theuse one of the following procedures.(It should be noted thatdistribution cycle.See Section 9.different atmospheric conditions are likely to exist between the3.2.10 total velocity change,(A
33、V)-the sum of the impactand rebound velocities.The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of33 Abbreviations:this practice.2D4169-16TABLE 1 Distribution CyclesPerformance Test Schedule Sequence(see Section 9 for Test Schedule definition)DCDistribution CycleFirstSeco
34、ndThirdFourthFifthSixthSeventh1General Cycle-undefined distributionSchedule Schedule D StackedScheduie FSchedule G Schedule JSchedule AsystemAVibrationLoose-LoadAallConcentratedHandlingHandiingVibration Switching Impact2Specially defined distribution system,select from Schedules A through iuser spec
35、ifled(see Appendix X2)3 Single package without pallet or skid,ScheduleSchedule D StackedSchedule F Schedule J Schedule ALTL motor freightAVibration ORLoose-Load Concentrated Handling-HandlingSchedule C VehicleVibrationImpactManual-ManualStacking plusSchedule E VehicleVibration4 Single package with p
36、allet or skid,Schedule Schedule D StackedSchedule F Schedule J Schedule ALTL motor freightAVibration ORLoose-Load Concentrated Handling-Handling Schedule C VehicleVibrationImpactMechanical-MechanicalStacking plusSchedule E VehicleVibration5 Motor freight,TL,not unitizedSchedule Schedule D Stacked Sc
37、hedule E Schedule J Schedule AAVibrationVehicle Concentrated HandlingHandlingVibrationImpact6 Molor freight,TL,or LTL-unitizedSchedule Schedule D Stacked Schedule J Schedule ASchedule BAVibration ORConcentratedHandlingWarehouseHandling Schedule C VehicleImpactStackingStacking plusSchedute E VehicleV
38、ibration7Rail only,bulk loadedScheduleSchedule D Stacked Schedule GSchedule AAVibrationRailHandlingHandlingSwitching8Rall only,unitizedScheduleSchedule D StackedSchedule GSchedule ASchedule BAVibrationRailHandlingWarehouseHandlingSwitchingStacking9Rail and motor freight,not unitizedScheduleSchedule
39、C VehicleSchedule ESchedule GSchedule FSchedule JSchedule AAStackingVehicleRailLoose-LoadConcentratedHandlingHandlingVibrationSwitchingVibrationImpact10Rail and motor freight,unitizedScheduleSchedule D StackedSchedule GSchedule JSchedule ASchedule BAVibrationRailConcentratedHandlingWarehouseHandling
40、SwitchingImpactStacking11Rail,TOFC and COFCScheduleSchedule G RailSchedule DSchedule FSchedule AASwitchingStackedLoose-LoadHandlingHandlingVibrationVibration12Air(intercity)and motor freight(locai),ScheduleSchedule D StackedSchedule ISchedule ESchedule JSchedule Aover 150 lb(68.1 kg),or unitizedAVib
41、rationLowVehicleConcentratedHandlingHandlingPressureVibrationImpact13Air(intercity)and motor freight(local,ScheduleSchedule C VehicleSchedule FSchedule ISchedule ESchedule JSchedule Asingle package up to 150 ib(61.8 kg).A Han-StackingLoose-LoadLow Pres-Vehicle Vt-Concen-HandlingConsider using Practi
42、ce D7386dlingVibrationsurebrationtrated Im-for single parcel carrier shipments.pact14Warehousing(partial cycle to be added toScheduleSchedule B Ware-other cycles as needed)AHan-house Stackingdling15Export/lmport shipment for intermodalScheduleSchedule C Vehicle Schedule Acontainer or roll on/roll of
43、f trailer(partialAHan-StackingHandlingcycle to be added to other cycles asdiingneeded)3D4169-16TABLE 1 ContinuedPerformance Test Schedule Sequence(see Section 9 for Test Schedule definition)DCDistribution CycleFirstSecondThirdFourthFifthSixthSeventh16Export/lmport shipment for palletized cargoSchedu
44、leSchedule C VehicleSchedule Aship(partial cycle to be added toAStackingHandlingother cycles as needed)Handling17Export/lmport shipment for break bulkScheduleSchedule C VehicleSchedule Acargo ship(partial cycle to be addedAStackingHandlingto other cycles as needed)Handling18Non-Commercial Government
45、 shipmentsper MIL-STD-2073-1Refer to Annex A1 for Test Schedules applying to DC-18.This high altitude,non-pressurized transport simulation test may be deleted from this distrbution cycle when testing shipping units that contain primary packages thathave a porous material.origin and destination point
46、s of a distribution cycle,particu-7.2 In many cases,the acceptance criteria can be thelarly for export/import cycles.)following:6.1.1 Conduct the test at standard conditions and compen-Criterion I-Product is damage-free.sate for the effects of any climatic condition.Condition theCriterion 2-Package
47、is intact.shipping units to a standard atmosphere of 73.4 2F(23Criterion 3-Both criteria 1 and 2.1C)and 50 2%relative humidity.Condition fiberboardOften,this means that the shipping container and its contentscontainers in accordance with Practice D4332.The sameare suitable for normal sale and use at
48、 the completion of the testatmospheric condition should be used for any assurance level.A conditioning period of 72 h,or sufficient time to reachcycle.Detailed acceptance criteria may allow for acceptingequilibrium of all parts of the package and product is recom-specified damage to a product or its
49、 package.The form andmended.Tests should be conducted in the conditioned atmo-content of acceptance criteria may vary widely,in accordancesphere whenever possible.If not possible,conduct the tests aswith the particular situation.Methods may range from simplesoon after removal from the conditioning a
50、tmosphere aspass-fail judgments to highly quantitative scoring or analysispracticable.Recondition the shipping units to the standardsystems.atmosphere as necessary during the test plan.8.Procedure6.1.2 In some circumstances,it may be necessary to conductsome or all of the tests at special climatic c
51、onditions,such as8.1 Define Shipping Unit-Describe shipping unit in termsthose given in Practice D4332,or Test Method D951,or othersof size,weight,and form of construction.See 3.2.7.Determine(salt,spray,water immersion,humidity,or temperature).Thewhether the container will be manually or mechanicall
52、ysame climatic condition should be used for any assurance level.handled.A conditioning period should be provided which will allowsufficient time to reach equilibrium of all parts of the package8.2 Establish Assurance Level-Specify a level of testintensity.The level should be one of three pre-establi
53、shedand product.Tests should be conducted in the conditionedassurance levels.This must be pre-established based on theatmosphere whenever possible.If not possible,conduct theproduct value,the desired level of anticipated damage that cantests as soon after removal from the conditioning atmospherebe t
54、olerated,the number of units to be shipped,knowledge ofas practicable.Recondition the shipping units as necessaryduring the test plan.For atmospheres other than the standardthe shipping environment,or other criteria.Assurance Level IIis suggested unless conditions dictate otherwise.Assuranceconditio
55、ning atmosphere,the user must determine the appro-Level I provides a more severe test than II.Assurance Level IIIpriate compressive load factor for warehouse and vehicleprovides a less severe test than II.The assurance level may bestacking,as the factors given in 11.2 are based on testing undervarie
56、d between schedules(see Sections 10-15)if suchthe standard test atmosphere.variations are known to occur.The test levels used should be7.Acceptance Criteriareported.See Section 18.7.1Acceptance criteria must be established prior to testing8.3 Determine Acceptance Criteria-Acceptance criteriaand shou
57、ld consider the required condition of the product atare related to the desired condition of the product and packagereceipt.The organizations conducting the test may choose anyat the end of the distribution cycle.See Section 7.acceptance criteria suitable for their purpose.It is advisable to8.4 Selec
58、t Distribution Cycle-Select a Distribution Cyclecompare the type and quantity of damage that occurred to thefrom the available standard distribution cycles compiled intest specimens with the damage that occurs during actualTable 1.Use the DC that most closely correlates with thedistribution and hand
59、ling or with test results of similar con-projected distribution.When the distribution is undefined,thetainers whose shipping history is known.general distribution cycle DC-1 should be selected.When the4D4169-16anticipated distribution is well understood,a special distribu-system that will be handled
60、 by mechanical means.Manual andtion cycle DC-2 may be specified.In using DC-2,the usermechanical handling are described further in 10.2 and 10.3.selects test schedules from Section 9 and specifies the testsequence(see Appendix X2 for more details).For purposes of10.2 Manual Handling-The test levels
61、and the test methodfor this schedule of the distribution cycle are intended toDC-3 and DC-13,the bottom of a single package is the surfaceon which the package rests in its most stable orientation.Thedetermine the ability of the shipping unit to withstand thehazards occurring during manual handlings,
62、such as loading,identified bottom should be utilized for purposes of determin-ing the starting orientation of each test schedule within theunloading,stacking,sorting,or palletizing.The main hazardsabove stated distribution cycles.from these operations are the impacts caused by dropping orthrowing.Si
63、ze,weight,and shape of the shipping unit will8.5 Write Test Plan-Prepare a test plan by using theaffect the intensity of these hazards.Several test methodsequence presented in Table 1 for the distribution cycleoptions are permitted,including free fall and simulated dropselected.Obtain the test inten
64、sities from the referenced sched-test using shock machines.While these test methods produceules.The test plan intensity details must take into account thesimilar results,the shock machine method produces moreassurance levels selected as well as the physical description ofcontrol of orientations of i
65、mpact;see Test Method D5487 forthe shipping unit.Table 1 thus leads to a detailed test planlimitations of the shock machine method.consisting of the exact sequence in which the shipping unit will10.2.1 For long narrow packages that are mechanicallybe subjected to the test inputs.The test schedules a
66、ssociatedsorted,another hazard to be simulated is bridge impactwith each element reference the existing ASTM test methods(10.2.4).for clarification of the equipment and techniques to be used to10.2.2 Mechanical handling(10.3)may be used when it isconduct the test.anticipated that handling will be by
67、 mechanical means only.8.5.1 Sample test plans are provided in Appendix X1.10.2.3 For the free-fall and shock machine tests,recom-8.6 Select Samples for Test-See Section 5.mended drop heights,the number of drops,the sequence of8.7 Condition Samples-See Section 6.drops,and the shipping unit orientati
68、on at impact are asfollows:8.8 Perform Tests-Perform tests as directed in referenceASTM standards and as further modified in the specialTest Method D5276,D5487.instructions for each test schedule.Conditioning-See Section 6.8.9 Evaluate Results-Evaluate results to determine if theDrop Height,in.(mm)S
69、hipping Weight,Ib(kg)Assurance Levelshipping units meet the acceptance criteria.See Section 7.HIH0to20(0to9.1)24(610)15(381)9(229)8.10 Document Test Results-Document test results by re-20 to 40(9.1 to 18.1)21(533)13(330)8(203)porting each step.See Section 18.40 to 60(18.1 to 27.2)18(457)12(305)7(178
70、)60 to 80(27.2 to 36.3)15(381)10(254)6(152)8.11 Monitor Shipments-When possible,obtain feedback80 to 100(36.3 to 45.4)12(305)9(229)5(127)by monitoring shipments of the container that was tested to100 to 200(45.4 to 90.7)10(254)7(178)4(102)ensure that the type and quantity of damage obtained by thela
71、boratory testing correlates with the damage that occurs in theNumber ofdistribution cycle.This information is very useful for theImpacts atimpact Orientation-planning of subsequent tests of similar shipping containers.SpecifiedFirst Sequence of Distribution CycleHeight9.Hazard Elements and Test Sche
72、dulesBoxBag or SackCylindrical ContainerOnetopfacetop9.1 Hazard Elements and Test Schedules are categorized asTwoadjacent bottom edgestwo sidestwo sides 90 apartfollows:Twodiagonally opposite bottom both endsbottom edges 90 apartcomersScheduleHazard ElementTestSectionOnebottomopposite face bottomA H
73、andling-manual and mechanicaldrop,impact,stability10Warehouse Stackingcompression11CVehicle Stackingcompression11Number ofStacked Vibrationvibration12Impacts atImpact Orientation-Vehicle Vibrationvibration12SpecifiedSecond Sequence of Distribution CycleFLoose Load Vibrationrepetitive shock13HeightGR
74、ail Switchinglongitudinal shock14BoxBag or Sack Cylindrical ContainerHEnvironmental Hazardcyclic exposure15One vertical edgefacetopLow Pressure Hazardvacuum16Twoadjacent side facestwo sides two sides 90 apartJConcentrated Impactimpact17Two one top corner and oneboth endsbottom edges 90apartadjacent
75、top edge10.Schedule A-Handling-Manual and Mechanical:One see Note 1see Note 1 see Note 110.1 There are two types of handling hazard element,NorE 1-On the last impact of the last manual handling sequence in amanual and mechanical.The manual handling test should bedistribution cycle,the impact should
76、be made at twice the specified heightused for single containers,smaller packages,and any shippingor equivalent velocity change.(This is the final(sixth)drop in thecontainer that can be handled manually,up to a weight of 200sequence,not an additional drop.)The drop should be in the impactorientation
77、most likely for a drop to occur,usually the largest face or theIb(90.7 kg).Mechanical handling should be used for unitizedbottom.For distribution cycles where any drop orientation is possible(thatloads,large cases and crates,and any shipping container oris,shipments via carriers that mechanically sort packages),this drop5