1、Designation:C 1034 85(Reapproved 1995)Standard Test Method forLead and Cadmium Extracted From Glazed CeramicCookware1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1034;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year
2、of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This test method covers the precise determination oflead and cadmium extracted by acetic acid from glazed ceramicsurfac
3、es under boiling conditions.The procedure of extractionmay be expected to accelerate the release of lead and cadmiumfrom the glaze and to serve,therefore,as a severe test thatsimulates the most severe conditions of usage of such ceramiccookware.This method is specific for lead and cadmium.1.2 This t
4、est method is applicable to ceramic cookwareintended for use in contact with food,for example cookwaremade of china,crockery,porcelain,and earthenware.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard
5、to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and RelatedProducts2D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water3E 438 Specification for Glasses in Lab
6、oratory Apparatus4E 694 Specification for Volumetric Ware42.2ISO Standard:3585 Glass Plate Pipeline and FittingsProperties of Boro-silicate Glass 3.353.Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 cookwareceramic articles including those intendedto be heated in the preparation
7、 of foodstuffs,for example,china,crockery,porcelain,and earthenware;excluding itemsnot specifically designed for cooking,such as cups,plates,andsoup bowls,which may be occasionally used to warm foods ina microwave oven.3.2 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod,see Terminology C
8、 242.4.Summary of Method4.1 The lead and cadmium extracted from cookware,byboiling acetic acid after 2 h of leaching,are measured byatomic absorption spectrophotometry using specific hollowcathode lamps for lead and cadmium respectively.5.Significance and Use5.1 The consequences of lead and cadmium
9、release fromcookware require effective means of control to ensure theprotection of the population against a possible health hazard.6This potential arises with improperly formulated,applied andfired glazes and decorations.There is a particular concern forcookware because the normal conditions of use(
10、heating acidfoods for prolonged periods)are conducive to extracting thesoluble lead and cadmium into the food.Therefore,this testmethod deals specifically with ceramic cookware intended tobe used for the preparation of foods by heating.6.Interferences6.1 Since specific hollow cathode lamps for lead
11、and cad-mium are used,there are no interferences.7.Apparatus7.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer,equipped with a4-in.(102-mm)single slot or Boling burner head and digitalconcentration readout attachment(DCR)if available.7Thisinstrument should have a sensitivity of about 0.5 ppm of leadfor 1%absor
12、ption and a sensitivity of about 0.05 ppm ofcadmium for 1%absorption.Use the operating conditions asspecified in the instrument manufacturers analytical methodsmanual.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-21 onCeramic Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct respons
13、ibility ofSubcommittee C21.03on Fundamental Properties.Current edition approved March 18,1985.Published May 1985.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 15.02.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 11.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 14.02.5Available from American National Standards Institute,11 W.42nd
14、St.,13thFloor,New York,NY 10036.6Proceedings,International Conference on Ceramic Foodware Safety,LeadIndustries,Inc.,1975,pp.817.WHO Food Additives Series,No.4,World Health Organization,1972.“Ceramic Foodware Safety,Sampling,Analysis and Results for Release,”Reportof a WHO Meeting,Geneva,Switzerland
15、 June 810,1976,WHO/Food Additives77.44 World Health Organization,1977.7Perkin-Elmer models 303 and 403 and Jarrell-Ash model 82-546 have beenfound suitable for this determination.1Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.NOTICE:This
16、 standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.Contact ASTM International(www.astm.org)for the latest information.NOTE11 ppm=1 mg/L7.2 Hollow-Cathode Lead Lamp,set at 283.3 or 217.0 nm.7.3 Hollow-Cathode Cadmium Lamp,set at 228.8 nm.7.4 Glassware,borosilicate glass,as specified in Specifica-tions E 438 and E 694 and ISO 3585 shall be used to makereagents and solutions.8.Reagents8.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests.It is inten