1、Designation:C105503(Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forHeated System Surface Conditions that Produce ContactBurn Injuries1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1055;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the ye
2、ar of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide covers a process for the determination ofacceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems.The hu
3、man burn hazard is defined,and methods are presentedfor use in the design or evaluation of heated systems to preventserious injury from contact with the exposed surfaces.1.2 The maximum acceptable temperature for a particularsurface is derived from an estimate of the possible or probablecontact time
4、,the surface system configuration,and the level ofinjury deemed acceptable for a particular situation.1.3 For design purposes,the probable contact time forindustrial situations has been established at 5 s.For consumerproducts,a longer(60-s)contact time has been proposed byWu(1)2and others to reflect
5、 the slower reaction times forchildren,the elderly,or the infirm.1.4 The maximum level of injury recommended here is thatcausing first degree burns on the average subject.This type ofinjury is reversible and causes no permanent tissue damage.For cases where more severe conditions are mandated(byspac
6、e,economic,exposure probability,or other outsideconsiderations),this guide may be used to establish a second,less desirable injury level(second degree burns),where somepermanent tissue damage can be permitted.At no time,however,are conditions that produce third degree burns rec-ommended.1.5 This gui
7、de addresses the skin contact temperature de-termination for passive heated surfaces only.The guidelinescontained herein are not applicable to chemical,electrical,orother similar hazards that provide a heat generation source atthe location of contact.1.6 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studi
8、es andsurface hazard measurement is provided in the list of refer-ences at the end of this guide(1-16).1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all the safetyconcerns,if an
9、y,associated with its use.It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to its use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss a
10、nd theSurface Temperatures of Insulated Flat,Cylindrical,andSpherical Systems by Use of Computer ProgramsC1057 Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Tempera-ture from Heated Surfaces Using a Mathematical Modeland Thermesthesiometer3.Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
11、3.1.1 skin:3.1.2 epidermisthe outermost layer of skin cells.Thislayer contains no vascular or nerve cells and acts to protect theskin layers.The thickness of this layer averages 0.08 mm.3.1.3 dermisthe second layer of skin tissue.This layercontains the blood vessels and nerve endings.The thickness o
12、fthis layer averages 2 mm.3.1.4 necrosislocalized death of living cells.A clinicalterm that defines when permanent damage to a skin layer hasoccurred.3.1.5burns:3.1.6 first degree burnthe reaction to an exposure wherethe intensity or duration is insufficient to cause completenecrosis of the epidermi
13、s.The normal response to this level ofexposure is dilation of the superficial blood vessels(reddeningof the skin).1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on ThermalInsulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on ThermalMeasurement.Current edition approved Fe
14、b.1,2014.Published March 2014.Originallyapproved in 1986.Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C105503(2009).DOI:10.1520/C1055-03R14.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orc
15、ontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 3.1.7 second degree burnth
16、e reaction to an exposurewhere the intensity and duration is sufficient to cause completenecrosis of the epidermis but no significant damage to thedermis.The normal response to this exposure is blistering ofthe epidermis.3.1.8 third degree burnthe reaction to an exposure wheresignificant dermal necrosis occurs.Significant dermal necrosishas been defined in the literature(3)as 75%destruction of thedermis.The normal response to this exposure is open sores thatleave permanent scar tissue upon heali