1、Designation:F152495(Reapproved 2013)Standard Guide forUse of Advanced Oxidation Process for the Mitigation ofChemical Spills1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1524;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,th
2、e year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide covers the considerations for advancedoxidation processes(AOPs)in the mitigation of spilled chemi-cals
3、 and hydrocarbons dissolved into ground and surfacewaters.1.2 This guide addresses the application of advanced oxi-dation alone or in conjunction with other technologies.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 Thi
4、s standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.In addition,it is theresp
5、onsibility of the user to ensure that such activity takesplace under the control and direction of a qualified person withfull knowledge of any potential safety and health protocols.2.Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)ambient tem-per
6、ature processes that involve the generation of highly reac-tive radical species and lead to the oxidation of waterbornecontaminants(usually organic)in surface and ground waters.2.1.2 inorganic foulantscompounds,such as iron,calciumand manganese,that precipitate throughout a treatment unitand cause r
7、educed efficiency by fouling the quartz sleeve thatprotects the lamp in photolytic oxidation AOP systems or thefibreglass mesh that is coated with TiO2in photocatalytic AOPsystems.2.1.3 mineralizationthe complete oxidation of an organiccompound to carbon dioxide,water,and acid compounds,thatis,hydro
8、chloric acid if the compound is chlorinated.2.1.4 photoreactorthe core of the photoreactor is a UVlamp that emits light in the broad range of 200 to 400 nmwavelength range.2.1.5 radical speciesa powerful oxidizing agent,princi-pally the hydroxyl radical,that reacts rapidly with virtually allorganic
9、compounds to oxidize and eventually lead to theircomplete mineralization.2.1.6 scavengersa term used for substances that react withhydroxyl radicals that do not yield species that propagate thechain reaction for contaminant destruction.Scavengers can beeither organic or inorganic compounds.3.Signifi
10、cance and Use3.1 GeneralThis guide contains information regarding theuse of AOPs to oxidize and eventually mineralize hazardousmaterials that have entered surface and groundwater as theresult of a spill.Since much of this technology development isstill at the benchscale level,these guidelines will o
11、nly refer tothose units that are currently applied at a field scale level.3.2 Oxidizing Agents:3.2.1 Hydroxyl Radical(OH)The OH radical is the mostcommon oxidizing agent employed by this technology due toits powerful oxidizing ability.When compared to other oxi-dants such as molecular ozone,hydrogen
12、 peroxide,orhypochlorite,its rate of attack is commonly much faster.Infact,it is typically one million(106)to one billion(109)timesfaster than the corresponding attack with molecular ozone(1).2The three most common methods for generating the hydroxylradical are described in the following equations:H
13、2O21hv2OH(1)2O31H2O22OH13O2(2)Fe121H2O2OHFe131OH2Fentons Reaction!(3)3.2.1.1 Hydrogen peroxide is the preferred oxidant forphotolytic oxidation systems since ozone will encourage the airstripping of solutions containing volatile organics(2).Capitaland operating costs are also taken into account when
14、 a decisionon the choice of oxidant is made.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.22 on Mitigation Actions.Current edition approved April 1,2013.Published April 2013.Originallyappr
15、oved in 1994.Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F1524 95(2007).DOI:10.1520/F1524-95R13.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1
16、3.2.1.2 Advanced oxidation technology has also been devel-oped based on the anatase form of titanium dioxide.Thismethod by which the photocatalytic process generates hy-droxyl radicals is described in the following equations:TiO21hv1H2OOH1H11e2(4)2e212O212H2O2OH1O212OH2(5)3.2.2 PhotolysisDestruction pathways,besides the hy-droxyl radical attack,are very important for the more refrac-tory compounds such as chloroform,carbon tetrachloride,trichloroethane,and other chlorinated methane or ethane com