1、Designation:F177309(Reapproved 2015)Standard Terminology Relating toClimbing,Mountaineering,Search and Rescue Equipmentand Practices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1773;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of rev
2、ision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope*1.1 This terminology document is a compilation of defini-tions of terms,abbreviations,and acronyms that are
3、unique toclimbing,mountaineering,search and rescue collected in orderto provide consistency in communication when used in actualoperations,training,literature,and the statistical basis forrating a products performance dealing with this field.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E456 Terminology
4、 Relating to Quality and StatisticsE1150 Definitions of Terms Relating to Fatigue(Withdrawn1996)33.Terminology3.1 Definitions of General Climbing and MountaineeringTerms:3.1.1 access,nthe process of reaching the patients orsubjects and establishing physical contact with them.3.1.2 aid climbing,na te
5、chnique of climbing that utilizesauxiliary devices as a means of ascent to supplement thenatural features of the surface being climbed.3.1.3 belay,na technique where a stationary personcontrols a rope connected to a moving climber in order toprovide protection against a fall,or in the event of a fal
6、l,tocatch the climber.3.1.4 belay,vto protect a climber with a belay.3.1.5 belayer,na person who is belaying.3.1.6 bouldering,na technique of climbing where climb-ers remain close to the ground and do not use a rope tosafeguard their progress.3.1.7 brake bar rack,na variable friction device consist-
7、ing of a u-shaped metal bar to which are attached several metalbars that create friction on the rope.Also known as a rappelrack.3.1.8 chest harness,na type of harness worn around thechest for upper body support.3.1.9 climber,na person engaging in the sport of climb-ing and mountaineering.3.1.10 clim
8、bing and mountaineering,nthe sport ofascending,descending,and traversing on mountainous terrain,snow and ice,and natural and simulated rock surfaces.3.1.11 climbing and mountaineering equipment,ntheequipment exclusively designed for use in climbing andmountaineering.3.1.12 dynamic rope(rope systems)
9、,na class of ropesthat is used for rescue work and rappelling when greater energyabsorption qualities are required,such as in lead climbing orwhenever a high fall potential exists.Such ropes are typicallycertified to UIAA or CE climbing rope standards.3.1.13 evacuation,nthe process used to move the
10、patient/subject between the completion of extraction and the beginningof transportation.3.1.14 extraction,nthe process of removing the patient/subject from an immediately hazardous environment alongwith assessment,treatment,stabilization,and packaging.3.1.15 free climbing,na technique of climbing th
11、at usesonly the natural features of the surface being climbed.In freeclimbing,equipment may be utilized to provide protection inthe event of a fall,but is not used to assist progress.3.1.16 john boat(maritime),na skiff with a flat bottom.3.1.17 lead climbing,nthe skill of climbing first up apitch,ut
12、ilizing a belayer,climbing rope,and intermediateprotection anchors.3.1.18 low stretch rope(rope systems),n a class ofropes that is used for rescue work and rappelling with anelongation greater than 6%and less than 10%at 10%of itsminimum breaking strength.3.1.19 pike pole(maritime),na long,slender,ho
13、okedpole used by boaters to retrieve line,objects,and so forth fromwater.Also known as a boat hook.3.1.20 rappel,nthe set up of anchors and equipment usedto rappel.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Searchand Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F
14、32.01 on Equipment,Testing,and Maintenance.Current edition approved Dec.1,2015.Published December 2015.Originallyapproved in 1997.Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F1773 09.DOI:10.1520/F1773-09R15.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Serv
15、ice at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright AS
16、TM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 3.1.21 rappel,vto descend by sliding down a rope usingequipment or special technique,or both,which applies friction,thereby controlling the speed of descent.3.1.22 ring buoy(maritime),na Type 4 personal floata-tion device,usually made of a hard buoyant material with a lineencircling it.3.1.23 route,nthe path chosen by a climber.3.1.24 safety factor(rope systems),nthe ratio betweenthe breaking streng