1、Designation:F265110(Reapproved 2015)An American National StandardStandard Terminology Relating toSoil and Turfgrass Characteristics of Natural PlayingSurfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2651;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adop
2、tion or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This terminology defines characteristics of soils andturfgrass for use in the d
3、evelopment of standards and specifi-cations for natural playing surfaces.This standard includesterms that pertain to natural playing surfaces used for sportsand may include those surfaces supporting the growth ofturfgrass or unvegetated(bare soil)playing surfaces that areconstructed with natural mat
4、erials.1.2 The terms defined in this terminology standard areappropriate for use by sports field development professionals,owners and institutions,installers and contractors and otherpractitionersinmattersconcerningnaturalsurfacesevaluations,test methods,specifications,maintenance andconstruction.2.
5、Terminologyaeration,ncondition and sum of all processes affecting soilpore-space gaseous composition,particularly with respect tothe amount and availability of oxygen for use by soil biota orsoil chemical oxidation reactions,or both.aeration,vpractice to mechanically restore a soil to acondition whe
6、re gas and water permeability rates are im-proved and bulk density is lowered(decompaction)by theuse of devices(spikes,cores,tines,air-jets,water-jets)whichpenetrate into the soil profile.See also aerification,soil andcultivation,turf.aerification,soil,nmechanical process to relieve soil com-paction
7、.This term is often used synonymously with aeration,v(that is,mechanical aeration).See also aeration,v.bulk density,nmass of dry soil per unit bulk volume.Thevalue is expressed as Mg per cubic metre(Mg m3)or gramper cubic centimetre(g cm3).clay,ncan be defined in terms of a particular size fraction
8、ofa soil,a soil textural class,a soil particle size class,a soiltextural group,soil mineralogy,or,in engineering terms,asmaterials that exhibit plastic soil properties when at appro-priate water contents.DISCUSSIONIdeally,the term“clay”should be appropriately definedwhen used to describe soils or ma
9、terials for rootzones.For example,a90%sand/10%clay mixture could imply either 90%sand/10%clayey soil(or other soils with textures containing enough clay(0.002mm)to exhibit plasticity)or 90%sand(2 to 0.05 mm)/10%clay(0.002 mm).clay,as a particular size fraction of a soil,nsoil separateconsisting of p
10、articles 0.002 mm(fine earth fraction)inequivalent diameter.clay,as a textural class,nsoil material that contains 40%or more clay,45%sand,and 40%silt.clay,as a soil particle size class,nsoil material thatcontains 35%or more clay(clayey soils).clay,as a soil textural group,nsoil material that fallswi
11、thin the textural classes of“sandy clay,”“silty clay,”and“clay(clayey soils).”clay,in terms of mineralogy,nsoil particulates that arecommonly occurring but not restricted to the 2.0 mm and 7.6 mm.More correctly used,this classifica-tion refers to“rock fragments”classed as pebbles in theGlossary of S
12、oil Science Terms(1997).interseeding,nan overseeding practice whereby the purposeor intention of the practice is not simply to increase plantdensity or for winter overseeding of warm season turfgrass,but rather to change the species or cultivar composition ofthe resultant turfgrass stand.See also ov
13、erseeding.matric potential(soil water potential,or pressure,head),namount of work that must be done per unit of a specifiedquantity of pure water in order to transport reversibly andisothermally an infinitesimal quantity of water from aspecified source to a specified destination.DISCUSSIONIf the spe
14、cified quantity is volume,the potential isreferred to as pressure(Pa).If the specified quantity is weight,thepotential is referred to as head(m).If the specified quantity is mass,theenergy potential is the term used(J kg1).organic matter,nin context with soils and turfgrass systems,the carbon-based
15、residue of plant or animal residues,or both.DISCUSSIONIn a well-decomposed stable form within the soil itoften referred to as humus or as soil organic matter.Organic matteris often discussed in terms of its level of decomposition.Lessdecomposed organic forms when incorporated into the soil do nottec
16、hnically become part of the soil organic matter until they are brokendown into a stable form of humus.It is simply organic“debris”(part ofthe organic fraction but not technically“soil organic matter”)until suchdecomposition occurs.Composts are also commonly marketed and soldas organic matter(often for the intent to use as a soil amendment)butit may not broken down to a degree so as to technically be classified assoil organic matter(or humus)or many times the compost-material maybe preblended wit