1、Fuel and Fuel System Microbiology-Fundamentals,Diagnosis,and Contamination Control Frederick J.Passman,Editor ASTM Manual Series:Mnl 47 ASTM Stock No:MNL47 mlAt ASTM International 100 Barr Harbor Drive PO Box C700 West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959 Printed in the U.S.A.Library of Congress Cataloging-in
2、-Publication Data Fuel and fuel system microbiology,fundamentals,diagnosis,and contamination control/Frederick J.Passman,editor.ASTM manual;47 p.cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ASTM Stock Number:MNL47 ISBN 0-8031-3357-X 1.Fuels-Microbiology.I.Passman,Frederick J.QR53.5.P48F84 2003 6
3、62.601576-dc21 2003045100 Copyright?9 2003 ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.All rights reserved.This material may not be reproduced or copied,in whole or in part,in any printed,mechanical,electronic,film,or other distribution and storage media,without the written consent of the publisher.Phot
4、ocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal,personal,or educational classroom use,or the internal,personal,or educational classroom use of specific clients,is granted by ASTM International(ASTM)provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center,222 Rosewood Dr
5、ive,Danvers,MA 01923;Tel:978-750-8400;online:http:/ manual does not purport to address(all of)the safety problems associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this manual to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory Hmitations
6、prior to use.Printed in Mayfietd,PA June 2003 Foreword This publication,Fuel and Fuel System Microbiology-Fundamentals,Diagnosis,and Contamination Control,was sponsored by ASTM International Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.The editor was Frederick J.Passman.Contents Preface by Fre
7、derick J.Passman Chapter 1-Introduction to Fuel Microbiology by Frederick J.Passman Introduction Biodeterioration Microbiology Basics Microbiology Defined Bacteria Fungi Microbial Activities Nutrient Metabolism Metabolites Factors Affecting Microbial Activity Air Water Temperature pH Nutrient Availa
8、bility Osmotic Pressure Salinity Operational Factors Fuel System Microbial Ecology Communities and Consortia Biomass and Biofilms Community Impact Conclusions References Chapter 2-Sampling Methods for Detecting Microbial Contamination in Fuel Tanks and Systems by Graham Hill Introduction Factors Aff
9、ecting the Distribution of Microbes within Fuel Tanks and Systems ix 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 12 12 13 14 14 14 CONTENTS Existing Guidance on Sampling as Part of a Microbiological Examination 16 Developing Sampling Plans for Microbiological Investigation Investigation of Tanks and Fuel Systems Invest
10、igation of Fuel Quality 16 16 18 Sampling Procedures Preparations for Transport of Samples and Analysis Labeling and Chain of Custody Sample Bottles and Containers Sampling Devices Sampling Cocks and Drains Taking Samples 19 19 20 20 20 20 22 Summary 22 References 22 Chapter 3-Remediation Techniques
11、 by Howard L.Chesneau 24 Introduction 24 Fuel Polishing Media Selection Filtration Strategies 24 25 25 Tank Cleaning Cleaning Process-General Principles Cleaning Process-Large Tanks(Entry Required)Cleaning Process-Small Tanks(Entry Not Required)26 27 27 29 Antimicrobial Pesticides 29 Contamination C
12、ontrol Strategies Corrective Maintenance Preventive Maintenance(PM)Predictive Maintenance(PDM)30 30 31 31 References 31 Standards D 888-92R96 Standard Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water D 1067-02 Standard Test Method for Acidity or Alkalinity of Water D 1126-96 Standard Test Method for Hardn
13、ess in Water D 1293-99 Standard Test Methods for pH of Water D 1426-98 Standard Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen in Water D 3867-99 Standard Test Methods for Nitrate-Nitrite in Water 32 40 48 52 61 66 D 4012-81R02 Standard Test Method for Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)Content of Microorganisms in Wate
14、r 74 D 4412-84R02 Standard Test Methods for Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Water and Water-Formed Deposits 78 D 6469-99 Standard Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems 81 E 1259-01 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Antimicrobials in Liquid Fuels Boiling Below 390 92 CONTENTS
15、vii E 1326-98 Standard Guide for Evaluating Nonconventional Microbiological Tests Used for Enumerating Bacteria 95 IP 385-99 Determination of the Viable Aerobic Microbial Content of Fuels and Fuel Components Boiling Below 390 and Culture Method 98 IP 472-02 Determination of Fungal Fragment Content o
16、f Fuels Boiling Below 390 105 Glossary by Frederick Z Passman 108 Index 111 Preface Frederick J.Passman,Ph.D 1 The Manual on Fuel and Fuel System Microbiology-Fundamentals,Diagnosis,and Contamination Control augments Standard Guide D 64692.It is addressed to all liquid fuel production,transportation,and consumption stakeholders.The target audience in-cludes management,supervisory,operational,quality assurance,maintenance,inspec-tion,and technical personnel responsible for fuel quality,fuel handl