1、 SYMPOSIUM ONPERMEABILITY OF SOILSPRESENTED AT THEFIFTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETINGAMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALSChicago,111.,June 15,1954Reg.U.S.Pat.Off.ASTM Special Technical Publication No.763Published by theAMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS1916 Race St.,Philadelphia 3,Pa.Printed in Balti
2、more,Md.April,1955COPYRIGHT,1955BY THEAMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS FOREWORDThe papers and discussions in this Symposium on Permeability of Soilswere presented at the Eleventh and Seventeenth Sessions of the Fifty-seventh Annual Meeting of the Society in Chicago,111.,on June 15,1954.The Sym
3、posium was under the sponsorship of Subcommittee R-4 on PhysicalProperties,under the chairmanship of Mr.Edward S.Barber,Civil En-gineer,Arlington,Va.,of ASTM Committee D-18 on Soils for Engineer-ing Purposes.Mr.A.W.Johnson,Soils and Foundation Engineer,High-way Research Council,Washington,D.C.acted
4、as Chairman for theEleventh Session;while Mr.Harold Allen,Chief,Nonbitummous Section,Bureau of Public Roads,U.S.Dept.of Commerce,Washington,D.C.pre-sided over the Seventeenth Session.NOTE.The Society is not responsible,as a body,for the statementsand opinions advanced in this publication.CONTENTSPAG
5、EIntroductionEdward S.Barber 1Principles of Permeability Testing of SoilsDonald M.Burmister 3Discussion 21Water Movement Through Porous Hydrophilic Systems Under Capillary,Electricand Thermal PotentialsHans F.Winterkorn 27Discussion 36A.Low-Head Permeameter for Testing Granular MaterialsE.G.Yemingto
6、n 37Permeability Test for SandsT.Y.Chu,D.T.Davidson,and A.E.Wickstrom 43The Permeability of Compacted Fine-Grained SoilsT.W.Lambe 56The Permeability and Settlement of Laboratory Specimens of Sand and Sand-GravelMixturesChester W.Jones 68Discussion 79Measurement of the Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil
7、In PlaceDon Kirkham 80Measurement of Permeabilities in Ground-Water InvestigationsW.O.Smith andR.W.Stallman 98Discussion 115Determination of Permeability of Granular Soil by Air Subjected to a DecreasingPressure DifferentialArthur S.Weaver 123Selected References on PermeabilityA.I.Johnson 131 This p
8、age intentionally left blank SYMPOSIUM ON PERMEABILITY OF SOILSINTRODUCTIONBY EDWARD S.BARBER1In principle,determination of thepermeability of soils is quite simple.However,due to natural variations ofmaterial in place,it is often difficult torelate tests on small samples to largermasses.In sampling
9、 soils it is hard toprevent disturbing the moisture ordensity or particularly the structure ofthe soil.Changes in the air or chemical ororganic content of the permeating fluidcan cause large differences.Migrationof particles may occur both in the fieldand laboratory.While some variablescan be arbitr
10、arily controlled or elimi-nated in the laboratory,it is often neces-sary to consider them in field applica-tions.The Symposium includes papers dis-cussing the importance,evaluation,andcontrol of most of these factors.Field1 Civil Engineer,Arlington,Va.;chairmanof Subcommittee R-4 of Committee D-18 o
11、nSoils for Engineering Purposes.permeability tests are compared,de-scribed,and evaluated by formulas.Correlations are presented between per-meability and density and gradation ofgranular materials.A new sampler anda device for testing under small gradientsare described.The importance of relatingtest
12、s to field conditions is stressed.The test value is expressed as lengthdivided by time in a variety of units,butit is generally called coefficient of permea-bility,although hydraulic conductivityis suggested as being more consistentwith other fields such as electrical andthermal conductivity.While t
13、he varietyof field situations seems to preclude asingle standard test method,it shouldbe possible to increase the consistencyof results by recommendation of pre-ferred practices.Previous work is covered in a list ofselected references.1 This page intentionally left blank The permeability of soils is
14、 a most im-portant physical property since some ofthe major problems of soil and founda-tion engineering have to do with therecognition,evaluation,and properhandling of drainage problems encoun-tered in the design and construction ofstructures.These problems include drain-age of highways and airport
15、s,seepagethrough earth dams,uplift pressuresbeneath concrete dams and structuresbelow ground water level,unwatering ofexcavated sites to permit constructionin the dry,seepage pressures causingearth slides and failures of retainingwalls,etc.In all of these,the perme-ability characteristics of soils h
16、ave acontrolling influence on the effectivestrength properties of the soils and ontheir responses under stress,and henceon stability conditions.Drainable soilswill act essentially as open systemswith free drainage and fully effectiveshearing strength,whereas soils of lowpermeability may act as closed sys-tems under rapid application of stress,with the development of pore pressuresand reduction in shearing strength.The determination of the permeabilityof soils is therefore a most importantaspect