1、J.Geogr.Sci.2023,33(4):845-862 DOI:https:/doi.org/10.1007/s11442-023-2109-7 2023 Science Press Springer-Verlag Separating the effects of two dimensions on ecosystem services:Environmental variables and net trade-offs ZUO Liyuan1,2,JIANG Yuan1,2,*GAO Jiangbo1,DU Fujun1,2,ZHANG Yibo1,2 1.Key Laborator
2、y of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China;2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China Abstract:Spatial and temporal changes in ecosystem services(ESs)are driven by two types of factors:enviro
3、nmental factors and trade-offs/synergies between services.In the ecological conservation red line(ECRL)area,in which national ecological security and social sustaina-ble development are guaranteed,it is particularly important to clarify the driving mechanism of ESs for the management of ecosystems.I
4、n this study,soil conservation,water yield,and carbon sequestration in Beijings ECRL area are quantified,and GeoDetector is used to identify the factors influencing the trade-offs/synergies between ESs.Moreover,partial cor-relation analysis is used to calculate the net trade-offs/synergies and compa
5、re them with the extent to which environmental variables contribute to ESs.The results are as follows:envi-ronmental variables and trade-offs/synergies have different effects on the changes in ESs,and their interactions can enhance the determinative power of the corresponding individual variable.The
6、 land use intensity is an extremely important factor affecting the trade-offs/syne-rgies between the three services,indicating that rational land use planning in Beijings ECRL area is crucial for avoiding the negative impacts of trade-offs and enabling coordinated opti-mization of ESs.After the elim
7、ination of the cross-influence of environmental variables,the trade-offs/synergies change significantly,and the impact of environmental variables on ESs is compared with the net trade-offs/synergies.Environmental variables are the driving forces of the spatiotemporal changes in soil conservation.Pre
8、cipitation and carbon sequestration have similar effects on water yield.Spatiotemporal changes in carbon sequestration are closely related to the other two services,with smaller influences from environmental variables.Keywords:ecosystem services;trade-offs and synergies;driving mechanisms;quantitati
9、ve separation;ecological conservation red line area Received:2022-10-24 Accepted:2022-11-30 Foundation:National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42071288,No.41671098;The Programme of Ke-zhen-Bingwei Excellent Young Scientists of the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Re-sea
10、rch,Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.2020RC002 Author:Zuo Liyuan,specialized in mountain ecosystem services.E-mail:*Corresponding author:Gao Jiangbo,PhD and Professor,specialized in integrated physical geography,mountain ecosys-tem services,climate change impact and adaptation.E-mail: This paper is in
11、itially published in Acta Geographica Sinica(Chinese edition),2022,77(9): 846 Journal of Geographical Sciences 1 Introduction The benefits that ecosystems provide to humans are called ecosystem services(ESs)(MEA,2005;Costanza et al.,2017).As a bridge connecting natural ecosystems and human society,E
12、Ss are affected by various factors such as the natural environment,social economy,and human demands in the formation and development processes(Guerry et al.,2015;Li et al.,2020).Moreover,there are also complex non-linear changes among ESs(Carpenter et al.,2009).The increase or decrease of one ES wil
13、l affect the supply capacity of another service,resulting in trade-offs or synergies(Rodriguez et al.,2006).However,the influences of en-vironmental factors and the trade-offs/synergies between ESs are not independent of each other,and the trade-offs/synergies are also driven by environmental factor
14、s(Feng et al.,2017;Zuo et al.,2021).Bennett et al.(2009)summarized the driving factors into two types:one is that the driving factor affects a service alone,and the other is that ESs are affected by a common driver.Eliminating the cross-influences of environmental factors on the trade-offs/synergies
15、 and comparing the different driving mechanisms of ESs helps to elimi-nate the negative impacts of trade-offs and to achieve coordinated and sustainable develop-ment of socialecological systems(Howe et al.,2013;Cord et al.,2017).The analysis of the driving forces of ESs and their trade-offs is a maj
16、or challenge in cur-rent research on ESs(Bennett et al.,2015;Zhang et al.,2020).Gao et al.(2021)showed that vegetation coverage determines the spatial heterogeneity of soil loss in karst areas.A previ-ous study demonstrated that increased land use intensity increases not only food production but also the risk of soil erosion(Xu et al.,2016).Chen et al.(2020)focused on 10 ESs and found that human activities strongly affect the spatial distribution of the trade-off bundles in Beijing and its surro