1、其他疾病误诊为妊娠期高血压疾病原因分析韩东香,杜建秀,王伟作者单位:050091 石家庄,石家庄市妇幼保健院产一科作者简介:韩东香,本科,主治医师。主要从事产科合并症及并发症和乙型肝炎孕妇母婴阻断方向研究 摘要 目的探讨其他疾病误诊为妊娠期高血压疾病(HDP)的原因及防范措施。方法回顾分析 2017 年 2月2021 年 10 月收治的 4 例误诊为 HDP 患者的临床资料。结果4 例以妊娠期尿蛋白阳性、血压升高、抽搐为主要症状就诊,均误诊为 HDP。1 例因怀疑重度子痫前期并发胎盘早剥而行急诊剖宫产术,产后诊断为妊娠期慢性肾炎。1 例入院诊断重度子痫前期,因降压药无效,怀疑妊娠期嗜铬细胞瘤,
2、进一步查肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素升高,超声及MI 检查发现肾上腺肿块影或信号,明确诊断为妊娠期嗜铬细胞瘤,因胎儿窘迫行急诊剖宫产术,术后行嗜铬细胞瘤切除术。1 例因拟诊子痫行急诊剖宫产术,产后诊断为妊娠期癫痫。1 例拟诊重度子痫前期,经降压治疗血压控制不显著,后经追问病史及行甲状腺功能检查明确诊断为妊娠期甲状腺功能亢进症,联合药物治疗后症状缓解,回家待产。结论产前误诊为 HDP 会导致过度治疗及治疗不当,使得剖宫产率及胎儿早产率升高,增加围生儿不良结局风险。产科医生应加强对 HDP 临床特点的认识及认真鉴别诊断,仔细询问患者妊娠前及妊娠期病史,并及时完善相关检查,提高 HDP 正确诊断率,避免孕
3、产妇及围生儿的不良结局。关键词 嗜铬细胞瘤;癫痫;肾炎;误诊;子痫前期;妊娠期高血压疾病;肾上腺素;去甲肾上腺素 中国图书资料分类号 714.25 文献标志码 A 文章编号 1002-3429(2023)04-0009-05 DOI 10 3969/j issn 1002-3429 2023 04 003Analysis of Causes of Misdiagnosis of Other Diseases as Hypertensive Disea-ses During PregnancyHAN Dongxiang,DU Jianxiu,WANG WeiThe First Departmen
4、t of Obstetrics,Shijiazhuang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital,Shijiazhuang 050091,China Abstract ObjectiveTo explore the causes of misdiagnosis and preventive measures of other diseases as hyperten-sive disorders during pregnancy(HDP)MethodsThe clinical data of 4 patients diagnosed with HDP f
5、rom February 2017 toOctober 2021 were retrospectively analyzed esultsThe main symptoms of the 4 cases were positive urine protein,elevatedblood pressure and convulsion,all of which were misdiagnosed as HDP One case was diagnosed with chronic nephritis duringpregnancy after caesarean section due to s
6、uspected severe preeclampsia complicated with placental abruption One case wasadmitted to hospital and diagnosed with severe preeclampsia Due to the inefficacy of antihypertensive drugs,pheochromocyto-ma was suspected during pregnancy After further examination of elevated adrenaline and norepinephri
7、ne,ultrasound and MIexamination found adrenal mass or signal,and the diagnosis was confirmed as pheochromocytoma during pregnancy One caseunderwent emergency caesarean section due to eclampsia,and was diagnosed as pregnancy epilepsy after delivery One casewas suspected to have severe preeclampsia,an
8、d the blood pressure was not significantly controlled after antihypertensive treat-ment After inquiry about medical history and thyroid function test,the patient was diagnosed as hyperthyroidism during preg-nancy After combined drug treatment,the symptoms were relieved and she returned home to await
9、 delivery ConclusionPrenatal misdiagnosis of HDP can lead to over-treatment and improper treatment,increase the rate of cesarean section and pre-term birth rate,and increase the adverse outcome of perinatal infants Obstetricians should strengthen their understanding ofthe clinical characteristics an
10、d differential diagnosis of HDP,carefully inquire about the medical history of patients before andduring pregnancy,and timely improve the corresponding examination,so as to improve the correct diagnosis rate of HDP andavoid adverse outcomes of pregnant women and perinatal infants Key wordsPheochromo
11、cytoma;Epilepsy;Nephritis;Misdiagnosis;Preeclampsia;Hypertensive disorder duringpregnancy;Epinephrine;Norepinephrine妊娠期高血压疾病(HDP)主要为妊娠与高血压并存的一组疾病,全球发病率为 5%10%,是较常见的高危妊娠1。HDP 主要包括妊娠期高血压、子痫前期、子痫、慢性高血压合并妊娠、慢性高血压并发子痫前期。HDP 对于母婴的安全影响很大,是产科常见病和多发病,临床表现多样化2,以血压升高、尿蛋白阳性、水肿为主要表现,除这三大症状外,患者还会表现为头痛、头晕、上腹不适、胸闷、
12、恶9心呕吐等,发展为子痫时还会表现为抽搐、昏迷。由于 HDP 的复杂性和多样性,临床有时会误诊,影响分娩时机与母婴结局。因而在诊疗过程中,必须对HDP 尽快做出正确诊断,早期预测和预防可以降低发病率和减轻疾病严重程度2,恰当终止妊娠,保障母婴安全。重视母亲高危因素,延长孕周,适时终止妊娠,以防对母婴造成不良影响2。现分析整理我科2017 年2 月2021 年10 月收治的妊娠期慢性肾炎、妊娠期嗜铬细胞瘤、妊娠期癫痫及妊娠期甲状腺功能亢进误诊为 HDP 4 例的临床资料,对误诊原因及防范措施进行总结,为提高 HDP 的诊断正确率、降低误诊率提供借鉴,提高临床医生的鉴别能力,保证母婴健康。1病例资
13、料【例 1】女,28 岁,孕 1 产 0。因宫内孕 8 月余第一胎,发现尿蛋白升高 2 d,无产兆入院。偶有头晕、胸闷,夜眠差。查体:血压 141/90 mmHg,心肺听诊无异常,腹部膨隆如孕 8 月。阴道检查:宫口未开,宫颈管未消,偶可触及宫缩。入院查 24 h 尿蛋白 定 量 2352mg,白 蛋 白 28 23g/L,肌 酐38 50 mol/L。彩超示:宫内孕单活胎,脐带绕颈 1周,胎盘局部增厚。入院诊断:宫内孕 32+6周,第一胎头位;胎盘增厚;重度子痫前期;脐带缠绕(绕颈 1周)。入院后予拉贝洛尔 50 mg 每8 小时1 次口服,硫酸镁注射液静脉滴注解痉治疗,记录液体出入量,患者
14、血尿常规及凝血功能无明显异常。入院第 3日,患者出现不规律宫缩,已见红,未破水,复查彩超示:宫内孕单活胎,头位,胎盘位于前壁,胎盘下缘增厚,最厚处约 4 1 cm,考虑重度子痫前期、胎盘早剥。急诊行子宫下段剖宫产术,术中查看胎盘正常,新生儿男,体质量 1700 g,Apgar 评分 7-9-9 分,因早产转入新生儿科,观察治疗 25 d 出院。术后患者血压 120 132/75 86 mmHg,复查 24 h 尿蛋白定量为 2563 mg,考虑患者应为慢性肾炎导致血压升高。患者出院后每周检则 24 h 尿蛋白定量为 2447、2598、2365、2488 mg。术后 1 个月于上级医院明确诊断
15、为妊娠期慢性肾炎。经氢氯噻嗪、环孢素 A、硫唑嘌呤治疗,现血压控制于 130/80 mmHg 以内,复查 24 h 尿蛋白定量 1000 mg。【例 2】女,26 岁,孕 2 产 0 流 1。因孕 7 月余第一胎,阴道出血 1 小时余,无腹痛入院。查体:体温 37 6,脉搏 117/min,呼吸 21/min,血压 178/126 mmHg。心肺听诊无异常,腹部膨隆如孕 7 月。阴道检查:宫口未开,宫颈管质软,余 1 cm,20 min触及 2 次宫缩。彩超示:宫内孕单活胎,胎儿腹围、股骨长均小于同孕周胎儿腹围、股骨长的第 10 百分位数。入院诊断:宫内孕 31+4周,孕 2 产 0,先兆临产
16、;先兆早产;胎儿宫内生长受限;重度子痫前期。入院 后 阴 道 出 血 逐 渐 减 少,24 h 尿 蛋 白 定 量5 67 mg,经硫酸镁注射液静脉滴注解痉,拉贝洛尔口服及硝酸甘油静脉滴注降压 6 h,测血压波动于165 171/109 118 mmHg,考虑患者体型消瘦,追问病史得知患者孕期有心悸、头痛、多汗史,住院当日血压突然升高,不排除嗜铬细胞瘤,进一步查肾上腺素 218 74 ng/L,去甲肾上腺素 7845 36 ng/L,多巴胺285 59 ng/L,超声检查示右肾上腺区 68 mm 51 mm 高 回 声 团。MI 示 右 肾 上 腺 63 mm 58 mm 51 mm 肿块信号。修正诊断:妊娠期嗜铬细胞瘤,改为酚妥拉明静脉滴注降压,血压平稳,波动于 130 142/78 92 mmHg。因胎儿窘迫行剖宫产分娩,新生儿女,体质量 1560 g,Apgar 评分 8-9-10分,因早产转入新生儿科,观察治疗 32 d 出院。剖宫产术后 1 个月患者于上级医院行腹腔镜下右肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术,术后血压波动于 120 135/71 82 mmHg,后予糖皮质激素替代治疗。【例